“ETERNAL VIGILANCE IS THE PRICE OF LIBERTY”: THE PROVERBS AND PROVERBIAL SAYINGS OF IDA B. WELLS-BARNETT

Main Article Content

Raymond M. Summerville

Abstract

This essay seeks to recontextualize some of the proverbs and proverbial expressions that Ida B. Wells Barnett used throughout her life by examining biographies, personal diaries, articles and letters, and ana- lytical texts about her life. Her proverbs and proverbial language come from a variety of different sources including literature, the Bible, and other famous leaders. She used proverbs in diverse and ingenious ways for a multitude of purposes. Her primary reasons for employing proverbi- al rhetoric was to persuade political leaders to put an end to lynch laws and mob violence in America. She also used them to bring attention to the temperance movement and to other causes that she cared deeply about. One overarching idea in this essay is that by understanding Wells- Barnett’s use of proverbs and proverbial language, one may also gain a more thorough understanding of various aspects of her worldview.

Article Details

Keywords:
African American, American, Anti-lynching movement, au- tobiography, Bible, clergy, civil rights, Civil War, folk, folklore, human rights, Jim Crow, paremiology, politics, proverbs, proverbial ex- pressions, proverbial rhetoric, race, Reconstruction, slavery, suffragist, segregation, temperance
How to Cite
Summerville, R. M. “‘ETERNAL VIGILANCE IS THE PRICE OF LIBERTY’: THE PROVERBS AND PROVERBIAL SAYINGS OF IDA B. WELLS-BARNETT”. Proverbium - Yearbook, vol. 38, no. 1, Aug. 2021, pp. 315-360, https://naklada.ffos.hr/casopisi/index.php/proverbium/article/view/24.

References

Arora, Shirley L. 1984. “The Perception of Proverbiality.” Proverbium. 1: 1-38.

Bay, Mia. 2009. To Tell the Truth Freely: The Life of Ida B. Wells. Hill and Wang Publishing: New York.

Bay, Mia, and Henry Louis Gates, editors. 2014. Ida B. Wells, The Light of Truth: Writings of an Anti-Lynching Crusader. Penguin Books: New York.

Blackmon, Douglas. 2008. Slavery by Another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black People in America from the Civil War to World War II. Random House: New York.

Burns, Robert. 1795. “A Man’s A Man For A’ That.” An Introduction to the Scottish Poet. http://www. Forathat.com. Accessed 21 December 2019.

Burton, Richard, translator. 2011. The Arabian Nights. Baker &Taylor Publishing Group: San Diego.

Collins, Patricia Hill. 2002. On Lynchings: Ida B. Wells-Barnett. Humanity Books: Amherst.

Davidson, James West. 2007. ‘They Say’: Ida B. Wells and the Reconstruction of Race. Oxford University Press: New York.

DeCosta-Willis, Miriam. 1995. The Memphis Diary of Ida B. Wells. Beacon Press: Boston.

Doyle, Charles Clay. 2012. Doing Proverbs and Other Kinds of Folklore. The University of Vermont: Burlington.

Dundes, Alan. 1981. “On the Structure of the Proverb.” The Wisdom of Many: Essays on the Proverb. Edited by Wolfgang Mieder and Alan Dundes. Garland Publishing: New York. 43-64.

Duster, Alfreda M. 1970. Crusade for Justice. The University of Chicago Press: Chicago.

Fradin, Dennis B. and Judith B. Fradin. 2000. Ida B. Wells: Mother of the Civil Rights Movement. Clarion Books: New York.

Gates, Henry Louis Jr. 2019. Stony the Road: Reconstruction, White Supremacy, and the Rise of Jim Crow. Penguin Press: New York.

Giddings, Paula J. 2008. Ida, A Sword Among Lions: Ida B. Wells and the Campaign Against Lynching. Harper Collins Press: New York.

Greaves, William, director. 1989. Ida B. Wells: A Passion For Justice. California Newsreel.

Harris, Trudier. 1991. Selected Works of Ida B. Wells-Barnett. Oxford University Press: New York.

Jackson, Andrew. 1837. “Farewell Address.” University of Virginia-Miller Center. http://millercenter.org. Accessed 4, Feb. 2020.

Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, Barbara. 1981. “Toward a Theory of Proverb Meaning.” The Wisdom of Many: Essays on the Proverb. Edited by Wolfgang Mieder and Alan Dundes. Garland Publishing: New York. 111-121.

Litovkina, Anna T., and Wolfgang Mieder. 2006. Old Proverbs Never Die, They Just Diversify. The University of Vermont: Burlington / Pannonian University: Veszprém.

“Lynchings by Year and Race, 1882-1968.” University of Missouri-Kansas City, Law School. http://law2.umkc.edu/Faculty/projects/ftrials/shipp/ lynching-year.html. Accessed 26, Jan. 2020.

McMurry, Linda O. 1998. To Keep the Waters Troubled: The Life of Ida B. Wells. Oxford University Press: New York.

Meeks, Catherine, and Nibs Stroupe. 2019. Passionate for Justice: Ida B. Wells as Prophet for Our Time. Church Publishing: New York.

Mieder, Wolfgang. 1989. American Proverbs: A Study of Texts and Contexts. Peter Lang: Bern.

Mieder, Wolfgang. 1993. Proverbs Are Never Out of Season: Popular Wisdom in the Modern Age. Oxford University Press: New York.

Mieder, Wolfgang. 1997. The Politics of Proverbs: From Traditional Wisdom to Proverbial Stereotypes. The University of Wisconsin Press: Madison.

Mieder, Wolfgang. 2001. “No Struggle, No Progress”: Frederick Douglas and His Proverbial Rhetoric for Civil Rights. Peter Lang: New York.

Mieder, Wolfgang. 2004. Proverbs: A Handbook. Greenwood Press: Westport.

Mieder, Wolfgang. 2005. Proverbs Are the Best Policy; Folk Wisdom and American Politics. Utah State University Press: Logan.

Mieder, Wolfgang. 2009. “Yes We Can”: Obama’s Proverbial Rhetoric. Peter Lang: New York.

Mieder, Wolfgang. 2010. “Making A Way Out of No Way”: Martin Luther King’s Sermonic Proverbial Rhetoric. Peter Lang: New York.

Mieder, Wolfgang. 2014. “‘Keep Your Eyes On the Prize’: Congressman John Lewis’s Proverbial Odyssey for Civil Rights” Proverbium. 31: 331-393.

Mieder, Wolfgang. 2019. “Right Makes Might”: Proverbs and the American Worldview. Indiana University Press: Bloomington.

Mieder, Wolfgang, Stewart A. Kingsbury, and Kelsie B. Harder. 1992. A Dictionary of American Proverbs. Oxford University Press: New York.

Prahlad, Anand Sw. 1996. African-American Proverbs in Context. University of Mississippi Press: Jackson.

Schechter, Patricia A. 1998. “All the Intensity of My Nature”: Ida B. Wells, Anger, and Politics. Radical History Review. 70: 48-77.

Schechter, Patricia A. 2001. Ida B. Wells-Barnett and American Reform, 1880-1930. The University of North Carolina Press: Chapel Hill.

Seitel, Peter. 1981. “Proverbs A Social Use of Metaphor.” The Wisdom of Many: Essays on the Proverb. edited by Wolfgang Mieder and Alan Dundes. Garland Publishing: New York. 122-139.

Silkey, Sarah L. 2015. Black Woman Reformer: Ida B. Wells, Lynching, and Transatlantic Activism. The University of Georgia Press: Athens.

Sims, Angela D. 2010. Ethical Complications of Lynching: Ida B. Wells’s Interrogation of American Terror. Palgrave MacMillan: New York.

Simpson, John. 1982. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Proverbs. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

Speake, Jennifer. 2015. Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs. 6th edition. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

Sterling, Dorothy. 1988. Black Foremothers: Three Lives, 2nd edition. The Feminist Press at the City University of New York: New York. 61-118.

Taylor, Archer. The Proverb. 1931 (1962, 1985). Harvard University Press: Cambridge.

Taylor, Archer. 1981. “The Wisdom of Many and the Wit of One.” The Wisdom of Many: Essays on the Proverb. Edited by Wolfgang Mieder and Alan Dundes. Garland Publishing, Inc: New York. 3-9.

Taylor, Archer, and Bartlett Jere Whiting. 1958. A Dictionary of American Proverbs and Proverbial Phrases, 1820-1880. Harvard University Press: Cambridge.

Terborg-Penn, Rosalyn. 1998. African American Women in the Struggle for the Vote, 1850-1920. Indiana University Press: Bloomington.

Thompson, Mildred I. 1990. Ida B. Wells-Barnett: An Exploratory Study of an American Black Woman, 1893-1930. Carlson Publishing: Brooklyn.

Wells, Ida B. 1885. “Freedom of Political Action.” Ida B. Wells, The Light of Truth: Writings of an Anti- Lynching Crusader. Edited by Mia Bay and Henry Louis Gates. Penguin Books: New York. 22-24.

Wells, Ida B. 1885. “Functions of Leadership.” Ida B. Wells, The Light of Truth: Writings of an Anti- Lynching Crusader. Edited by Mia Bay and Henry Louis Gates. Penguin Books: New York. 20-21.

Wells, Ida B. 1885. “Stick to the Race.” Ida B. Wells, The Light of Truth: Writings of an Anti-Lynching Crusader. Edited by Mia Bay and Henry Louis Gates. Penguin Books: New York. 19-20.

Wells, Ida B. 1885. “Woman’s Mission.” Ida B. Wells, The Light of Truth: Writings of an Anti-Lynching Crusader. Edited by Mia Bay and Henry Louis Gates. Penguin Books: New York. 25-27.

Wells. Ida B. 1886. “A Story of 1900.” Ida B. Wells, The Light of Truth: Writings of an Anti-Lynching Crusader. Edited by Mia Bay and Henry Louis Gates. Penguin Books: New York. 28-29.

Wells, Ida B. 1887. “Iola’ On Discrimination.” Ida B. Wells, The Light of Truth: Writings of an Anti-Lynching Crusader. Edited by Mia Bay and Henry Louis Gates. Penguin Books: New York. 31-32.

Wells, Ida B. 1887. “Our Women.” Ida B. Wells, The Light of Truth: Writings of an Anti-Lynching Crusader. Edited by Mia Bay and Henry Louis Gates. Penguin Books: New York. 30-31.

Wells, Ida B. 1888. “The Model Woman.” Ida B. Wells, The Light of Truth: Writings of an Anti-Lynching Crusader. Edited by Mia Bay and Henry Louis Gates. Penguin Books: New York. 32-33.

Wells, Ida B. 1891. “All Things Considered...” Ida B. Wells, The Light of Truth: Writings of an Anti-Lynching Crusader. Edited by Mia Bay and Henry Louis Gates. Penguin Books: New York. 34-35.

Wells, Ida B. 1891. “The Jim Crow Car.” Ida B. Wells, The Light of Truth: Writings of an Anti-Lynching Crusader. Edited by Mia Bay and Henry Louis Gates. Penguin Books: New York. 36-37.

Wells, Ida B. 1891. “The Lynchers Wince.” Ida B. Wells, The Light of Truth:Writings of an Anti-Lynching Crusader. Edited by Mia Bay and Henry Louis Gates. Penguin Books: New York. 38-39.

Wells, Ida B. 1892. “Afro-Americans and Africa.” Ida B. Wells, The Light of Truth: Writings of an Anti-Lynching Crusader. Edited by Mia Bay and Henry Louis Gates. Penguin Books: New York. 47-50.

Wells, Ida B. 1892. “Bishop Tanner’s Ray of Light.” Ida B. Wells, The Light of Truth: Writings of an Anti-Lynching Crusader. Edited by Mia Bay and Henry Louis Gates. Penguin Books: New York. 51-53.

Wells, Ida B. 1892. “Iola’s Southern Field.” Ida B. Wells, The Light of Truth: Writings of an Anti-Lynching Crusader. Edited by Mia Bay and Henry Louis Gates. Penguin Books: New York. 69-71.

Wells, Ida B. 1892. “The Requisites of True Leadership.” Ida B. Wells, The Light of Truth: Writings of an Anti-Lynching Crusader. Edited by Mia Bay and Henry Louis Gates. Penguin Books: New York. 39-43.

Wells, Ida B. 1893. “Lynch Law and the Color Line.” Ida B. Wells, The Light of Truth: Writings of an Anti-Lynching Crusader. Edited by Mia Bay and Henry Louis Gates. Penguin Book: New York. 90-92.

Wells, Ida B. 1893. “Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases.” Selected Works of Ida B. Wells-Barnett. Edited by Trudier Harris. Oxford University Press: New York. 14-45.

Wells, Ida B. 1893. “The Reason Why the Colored American Is Not in the World’s Columbian Exposition.” Selected Works of Ida B. Wells-Barnett. Edited by Trudier Harris. Oxford University Press: New York. 46-137.

Wells. Ida B. 1893. “The Reign of Mob Law.” Ida B. Wells, The Light of Truth: Writings of an Anti-Lynching Crusader. Edited by Mia Bay and Henry Louis Gates. Penguin Books: New York. 88-89.

Wells, Ida B. 1893. “The Requirements of Southern Journalism.” Ida B. Wells, The Light of Truth: Writings of an Anti-Lynching Crusader. Edited by Mia Bay and Henry Louis Gates. Penguin Books: New York. 72-76.

Wells, Ida B. 1893. “To Tole with Watermelons.” Ida B. Wells, The Light of Truth: Writings of an Anti-Lynching Crusader. Edited by Mia Bay and Henry Louis Gates. Penguin Books: New York. 93-94.

Wells, Ida B. 1894. “Ida B. Wells Abroad.” Ida B. Wells, The Light of Truth: Writings of an Anti-Lynching Crusader. Edited by Mia Bay and Henry Louis Gates. Penguin Books: New York. 123-140.

Wells, Ida B. 1894. “Liverpool Slave Traditions and Present Practices.” Ida B. Wells, The Light of Truth: Writings of an Anti-Lynching Crusader. Edited by Mia Bay and Henry Louis Gates. Penguin Books: New York. 116-118.

Wells, Ida B. 1894. “The Bitter Cry of Black America: A New Uncle Tom’s Cabin.” Ida B. Wells, The Light of Truth: Writings of an Anti-Lynching Crusader. Edited by Mia Bay and Henry Louis Gates. Penguin Books: New York. 119-122.

Wells, Ida B. 1894. “The English Speak.” Ida B. Wells, The Light of Truth: Writings of an Anti-Lynching Crusader. Edited by Mia Bay and Henry Louis Gates. Penguin Books: New York. 141-143.

Wells, Ida B. 1894. “The Scoundrel.” Ida B. Wells, The Light of Truth: Writings of an Anti-Lynching Crusader. Edited by Mia Bay and Henry Louis Gates. Penguin Books: New York. 144-146.

Wells, Ida B. 1894. “She Pleads for Her Race: Miss Ida B. Wells Talks About Her Anti-Lynching Campaign.” Ida B. Wells, The Light of Truth: Writings of an Anti-Lynching Crusader. Edited by Mia Bay and Henry Louis Gates. Penguin Books: New York. 148-150.

Wells, Ida B. 1894. “Two Christmas Days: A Holiday Story.” Ida B. Wells-Barnett: An Exploratory Study of An American Black Woman, 1893-1930. Mildred Thompson. Carlson Publishing: Brooklyn. 225-234.

Wells, Ida B. 1895. “A Red Record: Tabulated Statistics and Alleged Causes of Lynchings in the United States, 1892-1893-1894.” Selected Works of Ida B. Wells-Barnett. Edited by Trudier Harris. Oxford University Press: New York. 138-252.

Wells, Ida B. 1899. “Lynch Law in Georgia.” Ida B. Wells, The Light of Truth: Writings of an Anti-Lynching Crusader. Edited by Mia Bay and Henry Louis Gates. Penguin Books: New York. 205-216.

Wells, Ida B. 1900. “Lynch Law in America.” Ida B. Wells, The Light of Truth: Writings of an Anti-Lynching Crusader. Edited by Mia Bay and Henry Louis Gates. Penguin Books: New York. 250-255.

Wells, Ida B. 1900. “Mob Rule in New Orleans: Robert Charles and His Fight to the Death.” Selected Works of Ida B. Wells-Barnett. Edited by Trudier Harris. Oxford University Press: New York. 253-322.

Wells, Ida B. 1900. “The Negro’s Case in Equity.” Ida B. Wells, The Light of Truth: Writings of an Anti-Lynching Crusader. Edited by Mia Bay and Henry Louis Gates. Penguin Books: New York. 256-258.

Wells, Ida B. 1901. “Lynching and the Excuse for It.” Ida B. Wells, The Light of Truth: Writings of an Anti-Lynching Crusader. Edited by Mia Bay and Henry Louis Gates. Penguin Books: New York. 259-263.

Wells, Ida B. 1904. “Booker T. Washington and His Critics.” Ida B. Wells, The Light of Truth: Writings of an Anti-Lynching Crusader. Edited by Mia Bay and Henry Louis Gates. Penguin Books: New York. 264-267.

Wells, Ida B. 1910. “How Enfranchisement Stops Lynchings.” Ida B. Wells, The Light of Truth: Writings of an Anti-Lynching Crusader. Edited by Mia Bay and Henry Louis Gates Penguin Books: New York. 268-274.

Wells, Ida B. 1910. “The Northern Negro Woman’s Social and Moral Condition.” Ida B. Wells, The Light of Truth: Writings of an Anti-Lynching Crusader. Edited by Mia Bay and Henry Louis Gates. Penguin Books: New York. 275-278.

Wells, Ida B. 1910. “Slayer in Grip of Law, Fights Return to South.” Ida B. Wells, The Light of Truth: Writings of an Anti-Lynching Crusader. Edited by Mia Bay and Henry Louis Gates. Penguin Books: New York. 279-282.

Wells, Ida B. 1912. “Mrs. Ida B. Wells-Barnett On Why Mrs. Jack Johnson Suicided.” Ida B. Wells, The Light of Truth: Writings of an Anti-Lynching Crusader. Edited by Mia Bay and Henry Louis Gates. Penguin Books: New York. 283-284.

Wells, Ida B. 1913. “Our Country’s Lynching Record.” Ida B. Wells, The Light of Truth: Writings of an Anti-Lynching Crusader. Edited by Mia Bay and Henry Louis Gates. Penguin Books: New York. 285-287.

Wells, Ida B. 1915. “The Ordeal of Solitary.” Ida B. Wells, The Light of Truth: Writings of an Anti-Lynching Crusader. Edited by Mia Bay and Henry Louis Gates. Penguin Books: New York. 288-289.

Wells, Ida B. 1917. “The East St. Louis Massacre: The Greatest Outrage of the Century.” Ida B. Wells, The Light of Truth: Writings of an Anti-Lynching Crusader. Edited by Mia Bay and Henry Louis Gates. Penguin Books: New York. 290-312.

Wells, Ida B. 1920. “The Arkansas Race Riot.” Ida B. Wells, The Light of Truth: Writings of an Anti-Lynching Crusader. Edited by Mia Bay and Henry Louis Gates. Penguin Books: New York. 313-346.

Wells, Ida, B. 1927. “Articles on the Mississippi Flood.” Ida B. Wells, The Light of Truth: Writings of an Anti-Lynching Crusader. Edited by Mia Bay and Henry Louis Gates. Penguin Books: New York. 347-353.

Whiting, Bartlett Jere. 1932. “The Nature of the Proverb.” Harvard Studies and Notes in Philology and Literature 14: 273-307.

Whiting, Bartlett Jere. 1989. Modern Proverbs and Proverbial Sayings. Harvard University Press: Cambridge.

Wilson, F.P. 1970. Oxford Dictionary of English Proverbs. 3rd ed. Oxford: Clarendon.