“OLDER GINGER IS SPICIER” LIFE-VIEWS ON OLD AGE AND AGING IN CHINESE PROVERBS

Main Article Content

Juwen Zhang

Abstract

While proverbial expressions have the commonality as the “salt” of human cultures around the world, this salt has many nuances in its flavor. Each of these flavors contains its local specialty, and together they make our life diverse and joyful. Those specialties are the verbal reflections of the fundamental beliefs and values in different cultures. In this regard, exploring Chinese proverbs in general, and proverbs about old age and aging in particular, helps understand the essence of Chinese culture. Such an understanding is urgent in an age of global communica- tion, where stories of conflict also increasingly occupy our attention. With this conviction, the author first outlines the history of Chinese prov- erb collections and studies, then examines a specific proverb, and subse- quently concludes by connecting and analyzing the Chinese proverbs about old age and aging and the four life-views that reveal the essence of Chinese culture, with the emphasis on the polytheist/inclusive belief system and its practical expressions in everyday life.

Article Details

Keywords:
paremiology, old age, aging, belief system, values, everyday life, Chinese proverb
How to Cite
Zhang, J. “‘OLDER GINGER IS SPICIER’: LIFE-VIEWS ON OLD AGE AND AGING IN CHINESE PROVERBS”. Proverbium - Yearbook, vol. 38, no. 1, Aug. 2021, pp. 401-446, https://naklada.ffos.hr/casopisi/index.php/proverbium/article/view/28.

References

An Deming (安德明). 2008. 谚语编Proverbs. In History of Chinese Folk Literature (中国民间文学史). Pp. 581-608. Baoding: Hebei jiaoyu chubanshe.

Bai Shouyi (白寿彝). 1980. 中国通史A Complete History of China. 22 vols. Shanghai: Shanghai renmin chubanshe.

Chen Juanjuan (陈娟娟). 2019. 中国谚语研究70年Chinese Proverb Studies in 70 Years. Folk Culture Forum. 4:27-37.

Cui Huayun (崔花云). 2008. 中华武术谚语文化特征管窥 The Cultural Characteristics of Chinese Martial Arts Proverbs. Journal of Shanghai Physical Education College 6: 67-69.

Dong Xiaoyu (董小玉). 2005. 俗语小词典Pocket Dictionary of Folk Sayings. 3rd ed. Chengdu: Sichuan cishu chubanshe.

Du Wen Lan (杜文澜). 1958. 古谣谚Ancient Proverbs. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju.

Feng Fenglin (冯凤麟). 2001. 试以<邓小平文选>的谚语选用谈谚语的修辞 作用The Rhetoric of Proverbs in Deng Xiaoping’s Selected Works. Journal of Haihai Institute of Industry 10.

Fu Dongming and Chen Dejun (付东明、陈得军). 2014. 维吾尔谚语研究趋势与反思Uygur Proverb Research Trends and Reflection. Language and Translation 1:29-33.

Fu Jianrong (付建荣). 2018. 论“多元一体”民族观视域下的中华谚语史构建 Constructing the History of Chinese Proverbs in the Perspective of Multiple Unit in One Unit. Social Sciences of Inner Mongolia 4:117-122.

Geng Jingjing (耿静静). 2005. 谚语中的中国古代女性文化透视 The Female Culture in Ancient Chinese Proverbs. Dissertation. Hebei University.

Guo Shaoyu (郭绍虞). 1925. 谚语的研究The Studies of Proverbs. Shangahi: Shangwu yinshuguan. (Original in Monthly Novels, 2-4, 1921.

Guo Wei (过伟). 1997. 民间谚语学家朱介凡与《中华谚语志》Paremiologist Zhu Jie Fan and his Ethnography of Chinese Proverbs. Journal of Guangxi Normal University 3: 102-107.

Han Zhongzhi (韩忠治). 2015.《农政全书》与《齐民要术》农谚异文考辩 Investigations of Agriculture Proverbs and their Variants. Journal of Hebei Normal University 1:129-131.

Hu Jiaxi and Fu Yufang (胡家喜、傅玉芳). 2006. 谚语小词典Pocket Dictionary of Proverbs. Shanghai: Fudan University Press.

Hu Xiaoyan (胡晓研). 2015. 近百年来东北官话俗语研究回顾与前瞻Review and Prospect of the Official Speech in Northwest in the Past Century. Journal of Tonghua Teachers College 11:29-32.

Huang Jinshi (黄锦石). 2015. 先秦两汉的谶谣研究Studies of Divination Proverbs in the Qin and Han Dynasties. Dissertation. Southwest University for Nationalities.

Lei Yan (雷艳). 2006. 土家族谚语研究 Studies of Tujia Proverbs. Dissertation. Central South University for Nationalities.

Li Lifang (李丽芳). 2005. 谚语格言中的儒家思想精髓Confucian Ideas in Proverbs. Studies of National Arts 2:21-27.

Li Linqing (李林青). 2016. 20世纪以来中国农谚研究概评Review of Studies of Agriculture Proverbs since the 20th Century. Shanxi Agriculture and Economy 5:5-10.

Li She (李社). 2015. 习近平讲话中的古语名言Classical Sayings in Xi Jinping’s Speeches. Theory and Contemporary 3:105-112.

Li Yaozong (李耀宗). 1995. 少数民族谚语汉译三题:《中国谚语集成》译编 手记Three Issues in Translating Proverbs from the Ethnic Minority Groups. Journal of Minzu University of China 5:79-81.

Li Yaozong (李耀宗). 2001. 中国谚学若干问题谭要Some Issues in Chinese Proverb Studies. Journal of Hainan University 1: 28-33.

Liu Jiexiu (刘洁修). 2000. 汉语成语考释词典A Dictionary of Chinese Idioms with Origins. Beijing: Shangwu yinshuguan.

Liu Lizhi (刘立志) 2014. 先秦歌谣集Ballad and Proverb before the Qin Dynasty. Nanjing: Nanjing Normal University Press..

Liu Mingyi (刘明怡). 2009. 风俗通义的文体特点及其文学意义The Stylistic and Literature Meanings of Feng Su Tong Yi. Literature Heritage 2: 20-29.

Liu Xicheng (刘锡诚) 2006. 20世纪中国民间文学学术史 20th Century History of Folk Literature Studies in China. Zhengzhou: Henan University Press.

Lü Shuxiang (吕叔湘). 1987. 《中国俗语大词典》序Preface to the Grand Dictionary of Chinese Sayings. Chinese Language Studies 8: 1-2.

Luo Baozhen and Lin Ruiyi (罗宝珍、林端宜). 2008. 福建᧹᧍的医យ文化内涵 (The Cultural Meanings in the Medical Proverbs from Fujian Province). Collection of China Medical Association Conference. Beijing: China Medical Association.

Ma Xueliang (马学良). ed. 1990-2009. 中国谚语集成 Grand Collections of Chinese Proverbs. 30 Vols. Various Publishers.

Ma Yangyang and Zhao Yaodan (马洋洋、赵瑶丹). 2019. 近十年来中国古代 谣谚研究(2008-2018)Studies of Ancient Chinese Proverbs in the Recent Ten Years. Journal of Haiyin Teachers College 1: 64-68.

Mei Li (美丽). 2018. 蒙古族谚语研究综述Review of Mongolian Proverb Studies. Chinese Mongolian Studies 3:20-24.

Pang Juan (庞娟). 2017. 汉语传统工匠类谚语研究Studies of Proverbs about Handcrafts. Dissertation, Inner Mongolia University.

Peng Weiguo (彭卫国). 1988. 中华武术谚语Proverbs about Chinese Martial Arts. Beijing:Electronic Industry Press.

Shen Liran (沈立冉). 2011. 近二十年对外汉语俗语教学研究综述A Review of Teaching Proverbs in Chinese for Foreigners in the Past Twenty Years. Journal of Liaocheng University 2:159-160.

Song Yongpei and Duanmu Liming (宋永培、端木黎明). 2001. 汉语成语词典 (修订本)Dictionary of Chinese Idioms (Rev. ed.). Chengdu: Sichuan cishu chubanshe.

Sun Litao (孙立涛). 2013. 汉代谣谚文化研究综述A Review of the Proverb Culture in the Han Dynasty. Lanzhou Studies 8: 76-82+91.

Tian Chong (田冲). 2009. 齐民要术中的谚语研究A Study of the Proverbs in Qi Min Yao Shu. Journal of Weifang Education College 2:10-12.

Tuo Tuo (脱脱). 1985.《宋史》The History of Song. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju.

Wang Jiangying (王江英) 2012. 对外汉语教学及教材的俗语研究A Study of the Proverbs in Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language and in the Textbooks. Dissertation. Ocean University of China.

Wang Jianli (王建莉). 2018. 古谣谚二十四节气谚语研究Studies of Weather Proverbs in the Ancient Proverbs. Chinese Classics and Culture 3:127-133.

Wang Li (王利). 2006. 谚语中的中国古代女性文化透视 The Female Culture in Ancient Chinese Proverbs. Lanzhou Studies 12:180-183.

Wang Suzhen and Gong Jue (王素珍、贡觉). 2014. 俗说、谣谚与叙事Sayings, Proverbs and Narratives. Folk Culture Forum 1:65-73.

Wang Yi (王轶). 2015. 两汉谣谚兴盛探源The Reasons for the Popularity of Proverbs in the Han Dynasties. Studies of Classics 2:10-19.

Wen Ruizheng (温端政). 1989. 古今俗语集成Complete Collections of Chinese Vernacular Sayings. 6 Vols. Taiyuan: Shanxi jiaoyu chubanshe.

Wen Ruizheng (温端政). 2000. 二十世纪的汉语俗语研究 Studies of Chinese Proverbs of the 20th Century. Taiyuan: Shanxi renming chubanshe.

Wen Ruizheng (温瑞政). 2002. 中国歇后语大词典A Grand Dictionary of Chinese Two-Part Proverbs. Shanghai: Shanghai cishu chubanshe.

Wen Ruizheng (温瑞政). 2004. 中国谚语大全A Complete Collection of Chinese Proverbs. 2 Vols. Shanghai: Shanghai cishu chubanshe.

Wen Ruizheng (温瑞政). 2011. 中国谚语大辞典 A Grand Dictionary of Chinese Proverbs. Shanghai: Shanghai cishu chubanshe.

Xie Xiaogang (谢小刚) 2011. 左传国语所引谣谚谚语Proverbs Quoted in Zuo Zhuan and Guo Yu. Dissertation. Northwest Normal University.

Xu Jin and Li Shuxin (许晋, 李树新). 2016. 20世纪中国谚语搜集整理与出版 The Collection and Publication of the 20th Century Chinese Proverbs. China Publication 18:64-66.

Xu Yimin (许逸民). 1984. 唐以前歌诗谣谚的总集Anthologies of Proverbs before the Tang Dynasty. Knowledge of Literature and History 10:10-15.

Xu Zhongyuan (徐中原). 2009. 水经注研究 Studies of the Annotated Water Classic. Tianjin: Tianjin guji chubanshe.

Xue Chengzhi (薛诚之). 1936. 谚语研究Proverb Studies. Master thesis. Yanching University. Yan Zhi Tui (颜之推). 2011. 颜氏家训 Family Book of The Yans. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju.

Yuan Qin (袁勤). 2013. 国内哈萨克谚语研究综述. Studies of the Kasack Proverbs in China. Journal of Changchun Normal University 1:70-72.

Yuan Xingpei (袁行霈). 2005. 中国文学史The History Chinese Literature. 4 vols. Beijing: Gaodeng jiaoyu chubanshe.

Yue Yongyi (岳永逸). 2019. 谚语研究的形态学及生态学——兼评薛诚之的 <谚语研究> The Morphology and Ecology of Proverb Studies: Review on Xue Chenzhi’s Proverb Studies. Studies of Ethnic Literature 2: 55-73.

Yue Yangfeng (岳洋峰). 2015. 魏晋南北朝谣谚研究A Study of Proverbs from the Weijin and South-North Dynasty. Dissertation. Northwest Normal University.

Zhang Jingrong (张静容). 2012. 现代化进程中的闽南俗语研究 Research on Folk Sayings in the Southern Min Language in the Modernization Process 8:45-49.

Zhang Juwen (张举文). 2009. 传统传承中的有效性与生命力 Validity and Vitality in the Transmission of Tradition. Journal of Wenzhou University 5:12-17.

Zhang Juwen (张举文). 2010. 过渡礼仪 Les Rites de Passage. Translation with Introduction. Beijing: Shangwu yinshuguan.

Zhao Yaodan (赵瑶丹). 2009. 中国古代谣谚研究三十年(1978-2008)Thirty Years of the Studies of Ancient Chinese Proverbs. Review of Social Sciences 1:108-123.

Zhaxihuadan (扎西华旦). 2011. 藏族谚语研究A Study of Tibetan Proverbs. Dissertation, Minzu University of China.

Zheng Hongfeng and Jiang Ruiliang (郑宏峰、 姜瑞良). 2008. 中华谚语Chinese Proverbs. 4 vols. Beijing: Xianzhuang shuju.

Zheng Zhenduo (郑振铎). 1938. 中国俗文学史 A History of Chinese Folk Literature. Beijing: Shangwu yinshuguan.

Zhong Jingwen (钟敬文). Ed. 1998. 民俗学概论Introduction to Folkloristics. Shanghai: Shanghai cishu chubanshe.

Zhou Yang (周扬), ed. 1984-2009. 中国民间文学集成The Three Grand Collections of Folk Literature in China. 298 vols. Beijing: Zhongguo Zhu Jie Fang (朱介凡). 1989. 中华谚语志Ethnography of Chinese Proverbs. 11 vols. Taibei: Shangwu yinshuguan.

Zhu Zuyan (朱祖延). 1985. 汉语成语大词典A Grand Dictionary of Chinese Idioms. Zhengzhou: Henan renmin chubanshe.

References in English:

Ben-Amos, Dan. 1995. Meditation on a Russian Proverb in Israel. Proverbium. 12:13-26.

Brace, Captain A. J. 1916. Five Hundred Proverbs Commonly Used in West China. Chengtu.

Bronner, Simon. 2007. Meaning of Folklore: The Analytical Essays of Alan Dundes. University Press of Colorado, Utah State University Press.

Bronner, Simon and Cindy D. Clark. Eds. 2016. Youth Cultures in America. 2 Vols. Greenwood.

Chang, Fu-Liang. 1957. Cultural Patterns as Revealed in Chinese Proverbs. Kentucky Foreign Language Quarterly, 4: 171-176.

Clements, Jonathan. 2001. The Little Book of Chinese Proverbs. New York: Paragon, 2001; rpt. New York: Barnes & Noble Books.

Davis, John Francis. 1822. Chinese Novels: Proverbs and Moral Maxims. London: John Murray.

Dawson-Gröne, H. 1911. Ming Hsien Chi: Being a Collection of Proverbs and Maxims in the Chinese Language. Shanghai: Kelly & Walsh Ltd.

De Bary, W. T. and I. Bloom. 1999. Sources of Chinese Tradition. Vol. 1. 2nd ed. Columbia University Press.

De Bary, W. T. and R. J. Lufrano. 1999. Sources of Chinese Tradition. Vol. 2.Columbia University Press.

Dundes, Alan. 1971. Folk Ideas as Units of Worldview. Journal of American Folklore 84 (331): 93-103.

Dundes, Alan. 1984. On Whether Weather 'Proverbs' Are Proverbs. Proverbium: Yearbook of International Proverb Scholarship, 1: 39-46.

Eberhard, Wolfram. 1967. Some Notes on the Use of Proverbs in Chinese Novels. Proverbium, 9: 201-209.

Eberhard, Wolfram. 1985. Proverbs in Selected Chinese Novels. Proverbium, 2: 21-57.

Ebrey, Patricia. 2010. The Cambridge Illustrated History of China. Cambridge Press.

Edwards, Evangeline D. 1926. Collection of Chinese Proverbs (in Mandarin). London.

Fang, H. Thomé. 1956. The Chinese View of Life: The Philosophy of Comprehensive Harmony. Taipei: Linking Publishing Co., Ltd. [Chinese version in 1980.]

Hart, Henry H. 1937. Seven Hundred Chinese Proverbs. Translated. Foreworded by Patrick Pichi Sun. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Heng Xiaojun and Zheng Xuezhi. 1998. A Chinese-English Dictionary of Idioms and Proverbs. Tubengin: Niemeyer.

Herrmann, Konrad. 1984. Chinesische Sprichwörter. Reiskörner fallen nicht vom Himmel. Leipzig: Gustav Kiepenheuer.

Herzberg, Qin Xue and Larry Herzberg. 2012. Chinese Proverbs and Popular Sayings: With Observations on Culture and Language. Stone Bridge Press.

Higgins, Lisa L. 2018. Book Last and Basket Lists: Joe Patickus’s Customized Art and Life. In The Expressive Lives of Elders: Folklore, Art, and Aging. Ed. Jon Kay. Indiana University Press. Pp. 27-41.

Huang, Huanyou. 1998. Chinese Proverbs, Quotations, and Fables. Fellinfach/Wales: Llanerch.

Jiao, Liwei, and Benjamin N. Stone. 2014. 500 Common Chinese Proverbs and Colloquial Expressions. New York: Routledge.

Kordas, Bronislawa. 1987. Le proverbe en chinois moderne. Taipei, Taiwan: Editions Ouyu.

Kordas, Bronislawa. 1990. The Poetic Function and the Oral Transmission of Chinese Proverbs. Chnoperl Papers. 15: 85-94.

Lau, Theodora. 1995. Best-Loved Chinese Proverbs. NY: Harper Collins.

Lee, Davis Lin-Chuan. 1979. Chinese Proverbs: A Pragmatic and Sociolinguistic Approach. Diss. Georgetown University.

Lee, Davis Lin-Chuan. 1981. Proverbs: Some Applications to the Teaching of the Chinese Language. In Issues in Language: Studies in Honor of Robert J. Di Pietro. Ed. Marcel Danesi. Lake Bluff, Illinois: Jupiter. Pp. 119-124.

Legge, James. 1861. Confucian Analects. In The Chinese Classics, Vol. 1. London: Trubner.

Lin, Marjorie and Leonard Schalk. 1998. Dictionary of 1000 Chinese Proverbs. NY: Hippocrene Books.

Lister, Alfred. 1874-1875. Chinese Proverbs and Their Lessons. The China Review, 3: 129-138. Reprinted in The Wisdom of Many: Essays on the Proverb. New York: Garland Publishing, eds., Mieder and Dundes, 1981. Pp.242-256.

Lockwood, Yvonne R. 2018. “I Don’t Have Time to Be Bored”: Creativity of a Senior Weaver. In The Expressive Lives of Elders: Folklore, Art, and Aging. Ed. Jon Kay. Indiana University Press. Pp. 95-105.

Mah, Adeline Yen. 2002. A Thousand Pieces of Gold: My Discovery of China’s Character in Its Proverbs. San Francisco, California: Harper.

Mateo, Fernado. 1971-72. Linguistic and Literary Structure of the Chinese Proverbs. Tamkang Review, (2-3): 453-466.

Mieder, Wolfgang. 1989. American Proverbs: A Study of Texts and Contexts. Bern: Peter Lang.

Mieder, Wolfgang. 1990. ‘A picture is worth a thousand words: from advertising slogan to American proverb’, Southern Folklore 47: 207-25.

Mieder, Wolfgang. 1992. Paremiological Minimum and Cultural Literacy. In Creativity and Tradition in Folklore, ed. Simon J. Bronner. Logan: Utah State University Press. Pp. 185-203.

Mieder, Wolfgang. 1996. “No Tickee, No washee”: Subtleties of a Proverbial Slur. Western Folklore, 55 (1): 1-40.

Mieder, Wolfgang. 2006. "The Proof of the Proverb Is in the Probing": Alan Dundes as Pioneering Paremiologist. Western Folklore, 65 (3): 217-262.

Mieder, Wolfgang. 2014. Origin of Proverbs. In Introduction to Paremiology. Eds. H. Hrisztova-Gotthardt and M. Aleksa Varga. Warsaw/Berlin: De Gruy-ter Open Ltd. Pp. 28-48.

Mieder, Wolfgang. 2020. “Age Is Just a Number”: American Proverbial Wisdom about Age and Aging. Unpublished paper for the Western States Folklore Society annual meeting, Willamette University, Oregon, April 16-18, 2020.

Moule, A. E. 1874. Chinese Proverbial Philosophy. Chinese Recorder, 5:72-77. Osterbrauck, Cornelia. 1996. Fernöstliche Weisheiten. Illustrations by Sabine Wittmann. München: Compact/Minipräsent Verlag, 1996. 253 pp. (mini-ature book).

Paczolay, Gyula. 1997. European proverbs in 55 languages with equivalents in Arabic, Persian, Sanskrit, Chinese and Japanese. Veszprem: Veszpreni Nyomda.

Park, Nancy. 1998. Power in Imperial Chinese Proverbs. Proverbium, 15: 243-263.

Perny, Paul. 1869. Proverbes Chinois, Recueillis et mis en ordre. Paris: Firmin Didot Fraeres, Fils et Cle.

Plopper, Clifford Henry. 1926. Chinese Religion Seen Through the Proverb.

Shanghai: China Press; rpt. New York: Paragon Book Reprint Corporation, 1969.

Rohsenow, John S. 2001. Proverbs. The Columbia History of Chinese Literature. NY: Columbia University Press. Pp. 149-159.

Rohsenow, John S. 2002. ABC Dictionary of Chinese Proverbs. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.

Scarborough, William. 1875. A Collection of Chinese Proverbs. Shanghai: American Presbyterian Mission Press. [Reprint by HardPress Publishing, 2013]

Smith, Arthur H. 1902. Chinese Proverbs. Shanghai: American Presbyterian Mission Press.

Stevenson, Burton. 1949. Stevenson’s book of proverbs, maxims and familiar phrases. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Sun, C.C. 1981. As the Saying Goes: An Annotated Anthology of Chinese and Equivalent English Sayings and Expressions, and an Introduction to Xiēhòuyŭ (Chinese Wit). St. Lucia, Queensland: University of Queensland Press.

Ting, Nai-tung. 1972. Chinese Weather Proverbs. Proverbium, 18: 649-655.

Van Gennep, Arnold. 1909. Les Rites de Passage. Paris: Emile Nourry.

Van Oost, Joseph. 1918. Dictons et Proverbes des Chinois Habitant la Mongolie Sud-Ouest (Varietes Sinologiques No. 50). Shanghai. American Presbyter-ian Mission Press.

Wang, Juan. 1996. “Fatalism Seen Through Chinese Proverbial Expressions and Folk Beliefs.” Folk Narrative and World View. Vorträge des 10. Kongresses der Internationalen Gesellschaft für Volkserzählungsforschung. Innsbruck 1992. Ed. Leander Petzoldt. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. Pp. 823-834.

Weng, Jianhua. 1992. Körperteilbezeichnungen in deutschen und chinesischen Phraseologismen. Proverbium, 9: 249-266.

Wilkinson, James. 1761. Hau Kiou Choaan or the Pleasing History. 4 vols. London: R. and J. Dodsley.

Yan, Hairong. 1995. The Concept of ‘Face’ in Chinese Proverbs and Phrases. Proverbium, 12: 357-373.

Zhang, Hong. 1992. Spare Women a Beating for Three Days, They Will Stand on the Roof and Tear the House Apart: Image of Women in Chinese Proverbs. In Locating Power. Ed. Kira Hall, et al. Vol. 2. Pp. 601-609. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley Women and Language Groups.

Zhang, Juwen. 2012. Recovering Meanings Lost in Interpretations of Les Rites de Passage. Western Folklore 71 (2): 119-147.

Zhang, Juwen. 2017. Intangible Cultural Heritage and Self-Healing Mechanism in Chinese Culture. Western Folklore 76 (2):197-226.

Zhang, Juwen. 2018. Folklore in China: Past, Present, and Challenges. In The Challenge of Folklore to the Humanities, ed. Dan Ben-Amos. Special issue of HUMANITIES. 7(2), 35.

Zhang, Juwen. 2019. Fairy Tales in China: An Ongoing Evolution. In The Fairy Tale World, ed. Andrew Teverson. London: Routledge. Pp. 335-346.

Zhang, Juwen. 2020a. The Concept of Ethnic Genre as a Paradigm Shift. Western Folklore, Special Issue in Honor of Dan Ben-Amos. 79 (1): 13-44.

Zhang, Juwen. 2020b. Folkloric Identity Is the Thing. Archer Taylor Lecture at the 2019 Western States Folklore Society annual meeting. Western Folklore, 79 (2/3): 215-250.

Zhou, Yanxian. 2016. Two Thousand Zhuang Proverbs from China with Annotations and Chinese and English Translation. New York: Peter Lang.