“QUE SERA SERA” THE ENGLISH ROOTS OF A PSEUDO-SPANISH PROVERB
Article Sidebar
51-104
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Main Article Content
Abstract
“Que sera sera” has become a proverb in English, meaning “What will be will be”: an expression of cheerful fatalism. Today it appears in spellings that resemble those of Spanish (usually), Italian (less often), or French (occasionally), but it is ungrammatical in all three of these languages, based on an erroneous merger of the English “free relative” what (‘that which’) with the interrogative what. From its first documentation (in 15th-century England) and its adoption as an English heraldic motto (beginning in the 16th century), through its use by English-speaking authors in the speech and thoughts of fictional characters (especially in the 19th and early 20th centuries), and up to its appearance in Doris Day’s 1956 hit song “Que Sera Sera (What Will Be Will Be)”—the proverb has appeared almost entirely in English-language contexts. Corpus searches show that the phrase has virtually no history in Spain or Italy: neither among proverbs nor in running prose. A possible origin in Middle French is suggested, but evidence of its grammaticality in that language is inconclusive. Some writers, misled by its form, cite it as evidence of a fatalistic attitude in Mediterranean cultures.
Article Details
References
Works Cited
(Works marked “” are available online at <http://books.google.com/>.)
“About.com: Italian Language” (n.d.). Online at <http://italian.about.com/library/ proverbio/blproverbioc.htm>, accessed 2012/7/29.
Academia Española, Real (1973). Esbozo de una nueva gramática de la lengua española. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe.
Academia Española, Real (n.d.-1). CORDE: Corpus Diacrónico del Español. Online at <http://corpus.rae.es/cordenet.html>, accessed 2012/7/29.
Academia Española, Real (n.d.-2). CREA: Corpus de Referencia del Español Actual. Online at <http://corpus.rae.es/creanet.html>, accessed 2012/7/29.
Achebe, Chinua (1960). No Longer at Ease. Nairobi: East African Educational Publishers. , accessed 2012/7/29.
Aicle. 2010. “Que Sera Sera.” Lyrics online at <http://www.jpopasia.com/play/ 27899/aicle/que-sera-sera.html>, performance at <http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=sYXQOBxBBl8>, accessed 2012/7/29.
Alcina Franch, Juan, and José Manuel Blecua (1975). Gramática española. Esplugues de Llobregat: Ariel.
“Anecdotes: Ray Evans (1915-2007)” (n.d.). Online at <http://www.artdaily.com/ section/anecdotes/index.asp?int_sec=114>, accessed 2012/7/29.
Anselmi, Eddy (2009). Festival di Sanremo: Almanacco illustrato della canzone italiana. Modena: Panini.
“Armorial Gold” (n.d.) Online at <http://www.heraldryclipart.com/mottoes.html>, accessed 2012/7/29.
Armstrong, Hayward (1988). Bases para la educación cristiana. El Paso: Casa Bautista. , accessed 2012/9/5.
Aubrey, John (1719). The Natural History and Antiquities of the County of Surrey. London: E. Curll. , accessed 2012/9/5.
Backer, George de (1710). Dictionnaire des proverbes françois. Brusselles: George de Backer. , accessed 2012/8/6.
Bartlett, William Abraham (1865). The History and Antiquities of the Parish of Wimbledon, Surrey. London: Simpkin, Marshall, & Co. , accessed 2012/7/29.
Batchelor, R. E., and Miguel Ángel San José (2010). A Reference Grammar of Spanish. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. , accessed 2012/9/6.
Bellonzi, Fortunato (1968). Proverbi toscani. Milano: A. Martello.
Berselli, Edmondo (2007). “Marameo al galateo.” L’Espresso, June 13. Online at http://espresso.repubblica.it/dettaglio/marameo-al-galateo/1644787//2>, accessed 2012/9/2.
Blonsky, Marshall, and Edmundo Desnoes (2000). “Anche il web ci dà emozioni e qualche ideale, neoromantico.” Telèma, Vol. 21.
Bolelli, Adriana Zeppini (1989). Proverbi italiani. Firenze: Adriano Salani.
Buridant, Claude (2000). Grammaire nouvelle de l’ancien français. Paris: Sedes.
Burke, Bernard (1880). A Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage, Together with Memoirs of the Privy Councillors and Knights. 42nd ed., London: Harrison. , accessed 2012/7/29.
Burke, Edmund (1797). Anecdotes of the House of Bedford, from the Norman Conquest to the Present Period. London: J. S. Barr.
Burke, John (1839). A Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire. 6th ed., London: Henry Colburn. , accessed 2012/8/1.
Burke, John Bernard (1884). The General Armory of England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales, Comprising a Registry of Armorial Bearings from the Earliest to the Present Time. London: Harrison & sons. Rpt. 1961, London: Burke’s Peerage.
Burke, Ulick Ralph (1892). Sancho Panza’s Proverbs, and Others Which Occur in Don Quixote. London: Pickering and Chatto. , accessed 2012/7/29.
Butt, John, and Carmen Benjamin (2000). A New Reference Grammar of Modern Spanish. 3rd ed., Lincolnwood, IL: NTC.
Calendar of State Papers: Domestic Series, Charles I: 1634-1635 (1864). Ed. John Bruce, London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, and Green. , accessed 2012/7/29.
Canellada, María Josefa, and Berta Pallares (2001). Refranero español: Refranes, clasificación, significación y uso. Madrid: Castalia.
Cantera Ortiz de Urbina, Jesús, and Julia Sevilla Muñoz (1998). 877 refranes españoles con su correspondencia catalana, gallega, vasca, francesa e inglesa. Ediciones Internacionales Universitarias.
Carbonell Basset, Delfín (2002). Diccionario panhispánico de refranes: De autoridades e idelógico, basado en principios históricos que demuestran cuándo se ha utilizado un refrán, cómo se ha empleado y quién lo ha utilizado, con proverbios, adagios, dichos, frases y sentencias de la lengua castellana: Una antología de los refranes documentados en las letras hispánicas. Barcelona: D. L. Herder.
Catalog of Copyright Entries: Third Series (Vol. 4, Part 5B, No. 1, Unpublished Music, January-June 1950). Washington: Copyright Office, Library of Congress. Online at <http://www.archive.org/stream/catalogofcopyri345libr/#page/ 24/mode/2up/search/che>, accessed 2012/7/29.
Catalog of Copyright Entries: Third Series (Vol. 9, Part 5B, No. 1, Unpublished Music, January-June 1955). Washington: Copyright Office, Library of Congress.
Cennamo, Michela (1997). “Relative Clauses.” Chapter 22 in Martin Maiden and Mair Parry, The Dialects of Italy (London: Routledge), pp. 190-201.
Chekhov, Anton (1997). The Seagull. Trans. Stephen Mulrine. London: Nick Hern. , accessed 2012/7/29.
Cibotto, G. A., and G. del Drago (1975). Proverbi romaneschi. Firenze: Martello-
Giunti. Clark, Hugh (1829). An Introduction to Heraldry. 11th ed., London: Henry Washbourn [sic]. , accessed 2012/7/29.
Clark, Hugh, and Thomas Wormull (1779). The Peerage of the Nobility of England, Scotland, and Ireland. London: G. Kearsly. , accessed 2012/7/29.
Collins, Arthur (1735). The Peerage of England. London: R. Gosling and T. Wotton. , accessed 2012/8/1.
Combet, Louis (1971). Recherches sur le refranero castillan. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.
Copyright Encyclopedia (n.d.). Online at <http://www.copyrightencyclopedia.com/ ready-to-take-a-chance-again-from-the-paramount-picture-4/>, accessed 2012/ 7/29.
CORIS (Corpus di Italiano Scritto) (n.d.). Online at <http://dslo.unibo.it/TCORIS/>, accessed 2012/7/29.
Crystal, David (2008). A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed., Oxford: Blackwel. , accessed 2012/9/6.
Cunha, Celso, and Lindley Cintra (2001). Nova gramática do português contemporâneo. 3rd ed., Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira.
Cunningham, George Godfrey (ed.) (1834). Lives of Eminent and Illustrious Englishmen: From Alfred the Great to the Latest Times. Vol. 2, Glasgow: A. Fullarton. , accessed 2012/7/29.
Dallari, Umberto (1965). Motti araldici editi di famiglie italiane.Bologna: Arnaldo Forni. Rpt. 1967, Chicago: Argonaut.
“Datasets” (n.d.). In Google Books Ngram Viewer. Online at <http://books.google. com/ngrams/datasets>, accessed 2012/7/29.
Davies, Mark (2002-). Corpus del Español: 100 million words, 1200s-1900s. Online at <http://www.corpusdelespanol.org>, accessed 2012/7/29. Davies, Mark (2008-). The Corpus of Contemporary American English: 425 million words, 1990-present. Online at <http://corpus.byu.edu/coca/>, accessed 2012/7/29.
Davies, Mark (2010-). The Corpus of Historical American English: 400 million words, 1810-2009. Online at <http://corpus.byu.edu/coha/>, accessed 2012/7/29.
Davies, Mark (2011-). Google Books (American English) (155 billion words, 1810- 2009). Online at <http://googlebooks.byu.edu/>, accessed 2012/7/29.
Deacon, John (1616). Tobacco Tortured, or, the Filthie Fume of Tobacco Refined. London: Richard Field.
DeBruyne, Jacques (1995). A Comprehensive Spanish Grammar. Oxford: Blackwell.
De la Motte, Philip (1803). The Principle, Historical, and Allusive Arms, Borne by Families of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. London: J. Nichols and Son. , accessed 2012/7/29. DeMente, Boye Lafayette (1996). NTC’s Dictionary of Mexican Cultural Code Words. Chicago: National Textbook Co. , accessed 2012/9/6.
DeRosa, Steven (2001). Writing with Hitchcock. 1st ed., New York: Faber and Faber.
Dickens, Charles (1894). Dickens’s Dictionary of the Thames, from Its Source to the Nore. 2nd ed., London: Charles Dickens. , accessed 2012/7/29.
Díez Barrio, Germán (1987). Dichos populares castellanos. Valladolid: Castilla.
Dyce, Alexander (ed.) (1850). The Works of Christopher Marlowe: With Notes and Some Account of His Life and Writings. London: William Pickering. , accessed 2012/7/29.
Earman, John (1986). A Primer on Determinism. Dordrecht: D. Reidel. , accessed 2012/7/29.
Einhorn, E[lsabe C.] (1974). Old French: A Concise Handbook. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. , accessed 2012/9/5.
Einstein, Lewis (1902). The Italian Renaissance in England. New York: Columbia University Press. , accessed 2012/7/29.
Elven, John Peter (1851). The Book of Family Crests. 6th Ed., London: Henry Washbourne [sic]. , accessed 2012/8/1.
Euvino, Gabrielle Ann (2004). The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Learning Italian. 3rd ed., New York: Alpha. , accessed 2012/7/29.
Evans, Raimundo (1995). Personal letter to the author, June 19. Image online at , accessed 2012/7/29.
Ewen, David (1987). American Songwriters. New York: H.W. Wilson.
Fairbairn, James (1911). Fairbairn’s Crests of the Leading Families in Great Britain and Ireland and Their Kindred in Other Lands. New York: Heraldic Publishing Co. , accessed 2012/7/29.
Fairbairn, James (1968). Fairbairn’s Book of Crests of the Families of Great Britain and Ireland. Baltimore: Heraldic Publishing Co. , accessed 2012/7/29.
Ferrando, Nelio, and Ivana Ferrando (1977). I proverbi dei genovesi. Genova: SAGEP.
FIDESCU (Fundación para la Investigación y Desarrollo de la Cultura Española), (n.d.). “Lengua: Los pronombres relativos.” Online at <http://www.fidescu. org/boletin/bmele/gram/ele_pron.relativo.htm>, accessed 2012/7/29. “ForosChatestrella.com” (2006). Online at <http://foros.chatestrella.com/archive/ index.php/t-2658.html>, accessed 2012/7/29.
Foster, J. J. (1884). “The Founder of the Russell Family.” The Antiquary, Vol. 10, pp. 69-71. , accessed 2012/8/1.
Foulet, Lucien (1961). Petite syntaxe de l’ancien français. Paris: Champion.
Franceschi, Giulio (1908/1982). Proverbi e modi proverbiali italiani. Milano: Ulrico Hoepli.
Furnivall, F[rederick] J[ames], and W[illiam] R[ichard] Morfill (eds.) (1873). Ballads
from Manuscripts. Vol. 2, Hertford (U.K.): The Ballad Society. , accessed 2012/7/29. Rpt. New York: AMS Press, 1968.
Galanti, Geri-Ann (2008). Caring for Patients from Different Cultures. 4th ed., Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. , accessed 2012/7/29.
Galignani, Giovanni Antonio, and Antonio Montucci (1823). Galignani’s Grammar and Exercises, in Twenty-Four Lectures on the Italian Language; in Which the Principles, Harmony, and Beauties of that Language Are, by an Original Method, Simplified and Adapted to the Meanest Capacity; and the Scholar Enabled to Attain, with Ease and Facility, a Competent Knowledge of the
Language, Without the Help of Any Master. 4th ed., enlarged and improved by Antonio Montucci, London: Boosey and Sons. , accessed 2012/7/29.
Gaskell, Elizabeth Cleghorn (1864). Wives and Daughters. Serialized in The Cornhill Magazine, Vols. 10-13. , accessed 2012/7/29. Also Winetka, CA: Norilana Books Classics, 2008.
Georges, Ursula (n.d.). “Heraldic Latin Mottoes: Sixteenth- and Seventeenth- Century Welsh Evidence.” Online at <http://www.doomchicken.net/~ursula/ sca/motto/welshmottoes.html>, accessed 2012/7/29.
Germano, Joseph E., and Conrad J. Schmitt (2007). Schaum’s Outline of Italian Grammar. 3rd ed., New York: McGraw Hill. , accessed 2012/7/29.
Giacchetti, André, ed. (1989). Ysaÿe le Triste: Roman arthurien du Moyen Age tardif. Rouen: Publications de l’Université de Rouen, No. 142. , accessed 2012/7/29.
Gianeri, E. (1976). Motti e proverbi piemontesi. Torino: Piemonte in Bancarella.
Gili y Gaya, Samuel (1969). Curso superior de sintaxis española. 9th ed., Barcelona: Biblograf.
Giusti, Giuseppe (1908). Raccolta di proverbi toscani. Firenze: Succesori le Monnier. , accessed 2012/7/29.
Giusti, Giuseppe, and Gino Capponi (1956). Dizionario dei proverbi italiani. Milano: Veronelli.
Godefroy, Frédéric (1889). Dictionnaire de l’ancienne langue française et de tous ses dialectes du IXe au XVe siècle. Paris: F. Vieweg.
Google Books Ngram Viewer (n.d.). Online at <http://books.google.com/ngrams>, accessed 2012/7/29.
Grogan, John (2005). Marley & Me: Life and Love with the World’s Worst Dog. New York: William Morrow/HarperCollins. , accessed 2012/7/29.
Grogan, John (2006). Io & Marley. Milano: Sperling & Kupfer Editori. Translation (by Maria Luisa Chesa Bianchi) of Grogan 2005. , accessed 2012/7/29. HanCinema.net (n.d.). “The Korean Movie and Drama Database.” Online at
www.hancinema.net/korean_drama_Que_Sera_v__Sera.php>, accessed 2012/ 7/29.
Hassell, James Woodrow, Jr. (1982). Middle French Proverbs, Sentences, and Proverbial Phrases. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies. , accessed 2012/7/29.
Hawson, Steven R. (2007). The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Intermediate Spanish. Indianapolis: Alpha Books. , accessed 2012/7/29.
Hayama, Peggy (1996). Performance of “Que Será Será” in Japanese. Online at <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X-S7f9pr8W4>, accessed 2012/7/29.
Hendriks, Rose Ellen (1847). Alice Lemington, the Orphan, and the Idler Reformed. Vol. 2, London: Groombridge. , accessed 2012/7/29.
Herbin, Jean-Charles (ed.) (1992). Hervis de Mes: Chanson de geste anonyme (début du XIIIème siècle). Genève: Droz.
Hill, Jane H. (2008). The Everyday Language of Whte Racism. Chichester (U.K.): Wiley-Blackwell. , accessed 2012/7/29.
Hindley, Alan; Frederick W. Langley; and Brian J. Levy (2000). Old French- English Dictionary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hogg, James (1848). “Heraldic Mottoes,” Hogg’s Weekly Instructor [Edinburgh], Vol. 6, No. 149, pp. 300-301. , accessed 2012/7/29.
Honan, Park (2005). Christopher Marlowe: Poet and Spy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. , accessed 2012/7/29.
Howell, James (1659). Proverbi gli più scelti nella lingua italiana. Bound with Lexicon Tetraglotton: An English-French-Italian-Spanish Dictionary. London: Samuel Thomson.
Hugo, Victor (1827). Cromwell. Paris: A. Dupont. , accessed 2012/9/5.
Hunt, Tamara L. (2003). Defining John Bull: Political Charicature and National Identity in Late Georgian England. Aldershot (U.K.): Ashgate. , accessed 2012/7/29.
“In Loving Memory: Jay Livingston” (2008). Online at <http://www.lucyfan.com/ jaylivingston.html>, accessed 2012/7/29.
“Info” (n.d.). In Google Books Ngram Viewer. Online at <http://books.google.com/ ngrams/info>, accessed 2012/7/29.
James, Montague Rhodes (1901). The Western Manuscripts in the Library of Trinity College, Cambridge: A Descriptive Catalogue. Vol. 2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. , accessed 2012/7/30.
Jensen, Frede (1990). Old French and Comparative Gallo-Romance Syntax. Tübingen: Niemeyer. , accessed 2012/9/5.
Jespersen, Otto (1927). A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Heidelberg: C. Winter.
Joly, Geneviève (2004). L’ancien français. Paris: Belin.
Jones, Hugh Percy (1925). Dictionary of Foreign Phrases and Classical Quotations. Edinburgh: John Grant.
Junceda, Luis (2006). Diccionario de refranes, dichos y proverbios. 2nd ed., Madrid: Espasa.
Kidgell, John (1755). The Card. London: J. Newbery. , accessed 2012/7/30.
King, W. Francis H. (1958). Classical and Foreign Quotations. New York: Ungar.
Kocher, Paul H. (1942). “Some Nashe Marginalia Concerning Marlowe.” Modern Language Notes, 57: 45-49.
Kovacs, Sheila (2008). Que Sera Sera. Sunnybank Hills, Queensland, Australia: BookPal.
Krishna, Anand (2000). Sehat dalam sekejap. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama. , accessed 2012/7/30.
Kunstmann, Pierre (1990). Le relatif-interrogatif en ancien français. Genève: Droz.
Kuriyama, Constance Brown (2002). Christopher Marlowe: A Renaissance Life. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. , accessed 2012/7/30.
Le Roux de Lincy, [Antoine] (1842). Le livre des proverbes français. Paris: Paulin. , accessed 2012/8/6.
Lee, Holme (1860). Kathie Brande: A Fireside History of a Quiet Life. London: Smith, Elder and Co. , accessed 2012/7/30.
Leslie, Frank (1882). “The Devil’s Ranche: A Mexican Ghost Story.” In Frank Leslie’s Pleasant Hours, Volume 31 (New York: Frank Leslie’s Publishing House), pp. 17-19. , accessed 2012/7/30.
Lewin, P. Evans (1902/03). “The Farringdon Road Book-Stalls.” The Library World, 5: 88-92. , accessed 2012/7/30.
Lindahl, Greg (n.d.) French Proverbs from 1611. Online at <http://www.pbm.com/ ~lindahl/proverbs/>, accessed 2012/7/30.
Lodge, Edmund (1834). The Peerage of the British Empire as at Present Existing. 3rd ed., London: Saunders and Otley. , accessed 2012/8/1.
Lodge, Edmund (1835). Portraits of Illustrious Personages of Great Britain. Vol. 2, London: Harding and Lepard. , accessed 2012/8/1.
Lodge, Edmund (1890). The Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire as at Present Existing. 59th ed., London: Hurst and Blackett. , accessed 2012/ 8/1.
Lower, Mark Antony (1845). The Curiosities of Heraldry: With Illustrations from Old English Writers. London: J. Russel Smith. , accessed 2012/7/30.
Lymbery, Sylvia (2005). Colloquial Italian: The Complete Course for Beginners. 2nd ed.: Abingdon (U.K.): Routledge. , accessed 2012/7/30.
MacCracken, H[enry] N[oble] (1913). “Lydgatiana.” Archiv für das Studium der Neueren Sprachen und Literaturen, Vol. 130, pp. 286-311. Online at
<http://www.archive.org/stream/archivfrdasstu130brauuoft/#page/310/mode/2 up/search/quy+serra>, accessed 2012/7/30.
Mair, James Allan (1873). A Handbook of Proverbs: English, Scottish, Irish, American, Shakespearean, and Scriptural; and Family Mottoes, with the Names of the Families by Whom They Are Adopted. London: Routledge. , accessed
/7/30.
Maldonado, Felipe C. (1966). Refranero clásico español y otros dichos populares. Madrid: Taurus.
Mancur, John Henry (1834). Henri Quatre: or, The Days of the League. New York: Harper. , accessed 2012/7/30.
Marchello-Nizia, Christiane (1979). Histoire de la langue française aux XIVe et XVe siècles. Paris: Bordas.
Marlowe, Christopher: See Dyce (1850).
Martello, Antonio (1981). Proverbi milanesi. Milano: Fabbri.
Matthews, Peter (2007). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. , accessed 2012/9/6.
Ménard, Philippe (1994). Syntaxe de l’ancien français. 4th ed., Bordeaux: Bière.
Merbury, Charles (1581). “Proverbi vvlgari, raccolti in diversi lvoghi d’Italia, et la maggior parte dalle proprie bocche de gl’Italiani stessi.” Final pages (numbered separately) of A Briefe Discourse of Royall Monarchie, as of the Best
Common Weale: VVherin the Subiect May Beholde the Sacred Maiestie of the Princes Most Royall Estate: Whereunto Is Added by the Same Gen[tleman] a Collection of Italian Prouerbes, in Benefite of Such as Are Studious of That Language (London: T. Vautrollier). Republished as Merbury 1946.
Merbury, Charles (1946). “Proverbi Vulgari.” Ed. Charles Speroni, in University of California Publications in Modern Philology. Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 63-158. Edition of Merbury 1581.
Mereweather, John Davies (1859). Diary of a Working Clergyman in Australia and Tasmania: Kept during the Years 1850-1853. London: G. Barclay. , accessed 2012/7/30.
Michel, Jean-Baptiste; Yuan Kui Shen; Aviva Presser Aiden; Adrian Veres; Matthew K. Gray; The Google Books Team; Joseph P. Pickett; Dale Hoiberg; Dan Clancy; Peter Norvig; Jon Orwant; Steven Pinker; Martin A. Nowak; and Erez
Lieberman Aiden (2011). “Quantitative Analysis of Culture Using Millions of Digitized Books.” Science, Vol. 331, no. 6014, pp. 176-182.
Millan, John (1749). Arms of the English Nobility: With Supporters, Crests, Motto’s and Tables of Dates to Family Honours, viz. Origin, Knights, Baronets, Garters, Peerages &c. London: “Printed for ye said J. Millan.” , accessed 2012/7/30.
Mondadori, Piero (1977). Motti e proverbi dialettali delle regioni italiane. Milano: Arnoldo Mondadori.
Morawski, Joseph (1925). Proverbes français antérieurs au XVe siècle. Paris: Champion.
“Musical and Dramatic Gossip” (1859). In The Athenaeum: Journal of Literature, Science and the Fine Arts, No. 1659, p. 216. , accessed 2012/7/30.
“MusicMe.com” (n.d.). Online at <http://www.musicme.com/#/Que-Sera-Serat137727. html>, accessed 2012/7/30.
Neill, Elizabeth (1998). Que Sera Sera. London: Minerva. A New Dictionary of Quotations from the Greek, Latin, and Modern Languages (1860). Philadelphia: Lippincott. , accessed 2012/7/30.
Otsuka, Masako (2002). Ginza itchome no don kihote: Que sera, sera. Tokyo: Bungeisha.
Paravicino, Pietro (1666). Choice Proverbs and Dialogues in Italian and English. London: Peter Paravicino.
Parente, Anthony (n.d.). “Proverbi/Proverbs.” Online at <http://www.italiansrus. com/proverbs/proverbs.htm>, accessed 2012/7/30.
Picarazzi, Teresa L. (2006). Italian Verbs for Dummies. Hoboken: Wiley. , accessed 2012/7/30.
Pickering, Ellen (1834). The Heiress. New York: Harper. , accessed 2012/7/30.
Plann, Susan (1980). Relative Clauses in Spanish Without Overt Antecedents and Related Constructions. Berkeley: University of California Press (University of California Publications in Linguistics, Vol. 93).
Pomerance, Murray (2001). “The Future’s Not Ours To See: Song, Singer, Labyrinth in Hitchcock’s The Man Who Knew Too Much.” In Pamela Robertson Wojcik and Arthur Knight (eds.), Soundtrack Available: Essays on Film and
Popular Music (Durham: Duke University Press), pp. 53-73. , accessed 2012/7/30.
“El Portal de Marieli.” Online at <http://marielilasagabaster.net/letras.php?id=139>, accessed 2012/7/30.
Preti, Giulio (1970). Que será será. Firenze: Il Fiorino.
Quine, Willard Van Orman (1995). “Things and Their Place in Theories.” In Paul K. Moser and J. D. Trout (eds.), Contemporary Materialism: A Reader (London: Routledge), pp. 193-208. , accessed 2012/7/30. Rpt. in Roger F.
Gibson, Jr. (ed.), Quintescence: Basic Readings from the Philosophy of W. V. Quine (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2004), pp. 229-248. , accessed 2012/7/30.
Quirk, Randolph; Sidney Greenbaum; Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik (1985). A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman.
Radford, Andrew (2004). Minimalist Syntax: Exploring the Structure of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. , accessed 2012/7/30.
Railroadiana (1837). Railroad Guide, from London to Birmingham. Cornhil (U.K.): Joseph Thomas. , accessed 2012/7/30.
Raimondi, Piero (1975). Proverbi genovesi. Firenze: Martello-Giunti.
Ramsey, Marathon Montrose (1894/1956). A Textbook of Modern Spanish. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 1894 ed. , accessed 2012/9/6.
“Ray Evans, lyricist” (2007). Obituary in The Times [U.K.], April 3. Online at <http://proxy.lib.siu.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?dire ct=true&db=nfh&AN=7EH2825789910&site=ehost-live&scope=site>, accessed 2012/7/30.
“Recopilación de refranes y dichos populares” (n.d.). Online at , accessed 2012/7/30.
Reynard, Orator (1782). The Badge of Folly; or, A Humorous Illustration of the Mottos, of the Nobility, of England, Scotland, and Ireland. London: J. Debrett.
Roberts, Andrew (2011). The Storm of War: A New History of the Second World War. New York: HarperCollins. , accessed 2012/7/30.
Rodríguez Marín, Francisco (1930). 12.600 refranes más no contenidos en la colección del maestro Gonzalo Correas ni en “Más de 21.000 refranes castellanos.” Madrid: Revista de Archivos, Bibliotecas y Museos.
Roget, F[rançois] F[rédéric] (1887). An Introduction to Old French. London: Williams and Norgate. , accessed 2012/9/5.
Ross, David (1848). Sketch of the History of the House of Russell. London: W. S.
Orr. , accessed 2012/7/30.
Rotelande, Hue de (1924). Protheselaus. Ed. Franz Kluckow, Göttingen: Gesellschaft für romanische Literatur. , accessed 2012/8/1.
Russell, Michel (2010). Spirit of Eternity. Hertford (U.K.): M-Y Books. , accessed 2012/7/30.
Sáinz de Robles, Federico Carlos (1950). Refranero español. Madrid: Aguilar.
Sbarbi y Osuna, José María (1943). Gran diccionario de refranes de la lengua española. Buenos Aires: J. Gil.
Schablhofer, Hubert (2008/2011). Che sará [sic] sará. Neckenmarkt, Austria: Nove/Novum.
Schulze-Busacker, Élisabeth (1985). Proverbes et expressions proverbiales dans la littérature narrative du moyen âge français. Paris: Champion.
Scott Thomson, Gladys (1930). Two Centuries of Family History: A Study in Social Development. New York: Longmans, Green and Co.
“Scribd.com: Italian Proverbs and Sayings” (n.d.). Online at <http://www.scribd. com/doc/3190932/italian-proverbs-and-sayings>, accessed 2012/7/30.
Severo, Richard (2001). “Jay Livingston, 86, Who Wrote Hit Songs with Ray Evans for the Movies, Dies.” The New York Times, October 18. Online at , accessed 2012/7/30.
Severo, Richard (2007). “Ray Evans, Lyricist of Hit Songs from Movies, Dies at 92.” The New York Times, February 17. Online at <http://www.nytimes.com/ 2007/02/17/arts/music/17evans.html>, accessed 2012/7/30.
Sevilla Muñoz, Julia, et al. (1998). 877 Refranes españoles con su correspondencia catalana, gallega, vasca, francesa e inglesa. Madrid: Ediciones Internacionales Universitarias.
Shakespeare, William (1880). Romeo y Julieta. Guillermo Macpherson, trans. Madrid: Fortanet. , accessed 2012/7/30.
Sharpham, Edward (1607). Cupid’s Whirligig. London: E. Allde. Cambridge: Chadwyck-Healey, 1996.
Simpson, John, and Jennifer Speake (2008). Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs. Oxford: Oxford University Press. , accessed 2012/7/30.
Sintes Pros, Jorge (1961). Diccionario de aforismos, proverbios y refranes. Barcelona: Editorial Sintes.
Snaith, J. C. (1926). What Is to Be (“Che sarà sarà”). London: Hodder and Stoughton. , accessed 2012/7/30.
“Snurr Film AS” (n.d.). Online at <http://www.snurrfilm.com/about.html>, accessed 2012/7/30.
Soto Posada, Gonzalo (1997). La sabiduría criolla: Refranero hispanoamericano. Barcelona: Verón.
Soules, Terrill Shepard (n.d.). Terrill Shepard Soules’s Online Concordance to Dante’s Divine Comedy. Online at <http://tsoules.com/dante/concordance/>, accessed 2012/7/30.
Spallicci, Aldo (1975). Proverbi romagnoli. Firenze: Martello-Giunti.
Spyropoulou-Leclenche, Maria (1998). Le refrain dans la chanson française de Bruant à Renaud. Limoges: PULIM. , accessed 2012/9/5.
Stanford, John Frederick (1892). The Stanford Dictionary of Anglicised Words and Phrases. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. , accessed 2012/7/30.
Stengel, E[dmund] (ed.) (1903). Hervis von Metz: Vorgedicht der Lothringer Geste. Dresden: Gesellschaft für Romanische Literatur. , accessed 2012/9/3
Stephenson, Mill (1918). “A List of Monumental Brasses in Surrey.” Surrey Archaeological Collections, 27:21-87. Online at
ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-379-1/dissemination/pdf/vol_27/surreyac027_21- 087_stephenson.pdf>, accessed 2012/7/30.
Sullivan, Jack (2006). Hitchcock’s Music. New Haven: Yale University Press. , accessed 2012/7/30.
Suñé Benages, Juan (1941). Refranero clásico. Buenos Aires: El Ateneo.
Sutcliffe, Halliwell (1896). The Eleventh Commandment. New York: Grosset &
Dunlap. , accessed 2012/7/30.
Sweet, Henry (1891). A New English Grammar: Logical and Historical. Vol. 1. Oxford: Clarendon. , accessed 2012/8/1.
Teng, Teresa (2011). Performance of “Que Será Será” in Mandarin. Online at <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R2ljyPyQ7zc>, accessed 2012/7/30.
Teshe, William (1873). “Teshe’s Verses on the Order of the Garter.” In Furnivall and Morfill (1873: Vol. 2, pp. 115-128). , accessed 2012/7/29. Manuscript dated 1582.
Thomas, William (1550). Principal Rules of the Italian Grammar. London: Thomas Berthelet. Rpt. Menston (U.K.): Scholar Press, 1968.
“Through Devious Ways” (1870). Catholic World, 10: 550-564. , accessed 2012/7/30.
Torriano, Gio[vanni] (1649). Select Italian Proverbs: The Most Significant, Very Usefull for Travellers, and Such as Desire That Language. Cambridge: R. D. Printer to the Universitie of Cambridge.
Torriano, Gio[vanni] (1666). Piazza universale di proverbi Italiani: or, A Common Place of Italian Proverbs and Proverbial Phrases. London: “Printed by F. and T. W. for the author.”
Uslan, Michael; Dick Clark; and Bruce Solomon (1981). Dick Clark’s the First 25 Years of Rock & Roll. New York: Dell. , accessed 2012/7/30.
Vivio, Bill (2008). My Father’s Wisdom, My Mother’s Love: A Spiritual Gift. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse. , accessed 2012/7/30.
Webster, William G. (1856). “Proverbs and Phrases from the Italian and Spanish.” In An Explanatory and Pronouncing Dictionary of the English Language (Philadelphia: Lippincott).
Wells, William (pub.) (1780). “Chatham’s Ghost, or a Peep into Futurity: Che Sera Sera.” Engraving, British Museum. Online at <http://www.britishmuseum.org/ rsearch/search_the_collection_database/search_object_image.aspx?objectId=1 449909&partId=1&searchText=Peep+into+Futurity&fromDate=1750&from ADBC=ad&toDate=1800&toADBC=ad&orig=%2fresearch%2fsearch_the_c ollection_database.aspx&numPages=10¤tPage=1&asset_id=74469>, accessed 2012/8/1. Alternative access: < http://www.britishmuseum.org>, >
“Research” > “Search the collection database”: “chatham’s ghost”. Whetstone, George (1585). A Mirror of Treue Honour and Christian Nobilitie Exposing: The Life, Death, and Diuine Vertues, of the Most Noble, and Godly Lorde Frauncis Earle of Bedford, Baron Russell, Lorde Chiefe Iustice, [and] Iustice in Oier, of All the Queene Forrests.... London: Richard Iones.
“Wikiquote: Proverbi Italiani” (n.d.). Online at <http://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/ Proverbi_italiani>, accessed 2012/7/30.
“Wikitesti.com” (n.d.). Online at <http://wikitesti.com/index.php/Que_ser%C3% A0,_ser%C3%A0>, accessed 2012/7/30.
Woodmen of the Forest of Arden (1885). Records of the Woodmen of Arden from 1785. Edinburg: “Printed for private circulation.” , accessed 2012/7/30.
Yorke, Curtis (1888). That Little Girl. London: Jarrold. , accessed 2012/7/30.
Young, Deborah (2002). Review of Que Sera Sera: Seja o que Deus quiser. In Variety. Online Oct. 31 at <http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117919221? refcatid=31>, accessed 2012/7/30. Print: Vol. 388, Issue 10, p. 21, Nov. 11.
Youngson, William Gordon (1983). Que Sera Sera: What Ever Will Be Will Be. Inglewood, NZ: Western Press.
Žižek, Slavoj (2001). Enjoy Your Symptom!: Jacques Lacan in Hollywood and Out. 2nd ed., New York: Routledge. , accessed 2012/7/30.