PROVERBS IN COMPARISON AND CONTACT EXAMPLES FROM THE PROVERBIAL DISCOURSE OF THE BALKANS
Artikel-Sidebar
131-153
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Hauptsächlicher Artikelinhalt
Abstract
Comparison is an inherent process in folkloristics. The inclusion of paremiology in folklore studies and the concept of proverb being a folklore genre allows the comparison of proverbs too, which are most suitable for a study of this kind. However, what needs to be defined is what comparison consists of and how it differs from other approaches like those of contrast and typology. In this paper we will try to highlight this concept and see how it is related to variation, a key feature to folklore, using examples from the proverbial discourse of the Balkan peoples. The methodology employed in this study revolves around establishing specific criteria for determining comparability among proverbs, while the examples mentioned are taking into account both the etic and the emic view regarding the interpretation of the proverbial material. The examples selected illustrate proverbs that are either directly comparable or perceived as equivalents by the folk themselves, evident in their integration into daily discourse.
Artikel-Details
Literaturhinweise
Antoniadis – Bibicou, Héléne. “Conditions historiques de la formation du commun et du different dans les cultures des pays balkaniques”. Études Balkaniques, Cahiers Pierre Belon, vol. 3, 1996, pp. 15-37.
Antonijević, Dragoslav. “Unity and Diversity of the Folk Cultures of Southeastern Europe until the late 19th century”. Études Balkaniques, Cahiers Pierre Belon, vol. 3, 1996, pp. 39-57.
Arora, Shirley. “The Perception of Proverbiality”. Proverbium, vol. 1, 1984, pp. 1 – 38.
Ben-Amos, Dan. “Toward a Definition of Folklore in Context”. The Journal of American Folklore, Vol. 84, No. 331, 1971, pp. 3-15.
Bilgrav, Stabell Jens Aa. 20.000 Proverbs in English, German, French, Swedish and Danish [1039 proverb types]. Copenhagen: Hans Heide, 1985.
Botezatu, Grigore, and Hȋncu, Andrei. Dicţionar de proverb şi zicători romȃnesti. Bucureşti: Litera Internaţional, 2001.
Colson, Jean-Pierre. “Cross-Linguistic phraseological studies: An overview”. Phraseology: An interdisciplinary Perspective, edited by Sylviane Granger, and Fanny Meunier, Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2008, pp. 191-206.
Djamo-Diaconiţă, L. “Contributions a la Paremiologie Balkanique”. Actes Du Premier Congréc International des Études Balkaniques et Sud-Est Europeennes (Sofia, 26 Août – 1 Septembre 1966), VI Linguistique, Sofia: Editions de l’ Academie Bulgare des Sciences, 1968, pp. 277-292.
Doulaveras, Aristeides, N. Νεοελληνικός Παροιμιακός Λόγος [Modern Greek Proverbial Discourse]. Thessaloniki: Ant. Stamoulis Publications, 2010.
Dundes, Alan. “Metafolklore and oral literary criticism”. The Monist, vol. 50, no. 4, 1966, pp. 505-516.
Dundes, Alan. “The Anthropologist and the Comparative Method in Folklore”. Journal of Folklore Research, Vol. 23, No. 2/3, 1986, pp. 125-146.
Dundes, Alan. “Preface”. International Folkloristics: Classic Contributions by the Founders of Folklore, edited by Alan Dundes, Lanham: Rowman and Littlewood Publishers. INC, 1999, pp. vii-x.
Franck, J. “Blut ist dicker als Wasser”. Preußische Jahrbücher, Vol. 85, 1896, pp. 584-594.
Georges, Robert. “The Folklorist as a Comparatist”. Western Folklore, Vol. 45, No. 1, 1986, pp. 1-20.
Gheorghe, Gabriel, Proverbe romanesti si proverbele lumii romanice. Studiu comparative [360 proverb types]. Bucuresti: Albatros, 1986.
Granbom Herranen, Liisa. “The Proverb Genre. A Relic or Very Much Alive?”. Genre – Text – Interpretation. Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Folklore and Beyond, edited by Frog, Kaarina Koski, and Ulla Savolainen, Helsinki: Finnish Literature Society, 2016, pp. 317-339.
Grigas, Kazys. Patarliu paralelés. Lietuviu patarlés su latviu, baltarusiu, rusu, lenku, vokieciu, anglu, lotynu, prancuzu, ispanu atitikmenimis. Vilnius: Vaga, 1987.
Grigas, Kazys “Problems of the type in the comparative study of proverbs”. Folklore. Critical concepts in literary and cultural studies, Volume IV, edited by Alan Dundes, London and New York: Routledge 2005, p. 265-281 [first publication: Journal of the Baltic Institute of Folklore, vol. 1, no. 1, 1996, pp. 106-116).
Grigorov, Milko and Kostadin Kacarov. Bălgarski posloviči i pogovorki. Sofia: Nauka i izkustvo, 1986.
Grzybek, Peter. “Komparative und interkulturell Parӧmiologie – Methodologische Bemerkungen und empirische Befunde”. Europhras 95, 1998, pp. 263-282.
Hakamies, Pekka. “Proverbs – A Universal Genre?”. Genre – Text – Interpretation. Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Folklore and Beyond, edited by Frog, Kaarina Koski, and Ulla Savolainen, Helsinki: Finnish Literature Society, 2016, pp. 299-316.
Hartmann, Martin. “Blut ist dicker als Wasser”. Zeitschrift des Vereins für Volkskunde, Vol. 6, 1896, pp. 442-443.
Herskovits, Melville, J. “The hypothetical situation: A technique of field research”. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, Vol. 6, No 1, 1950, pp. 32-40.
Honko, Lauri. “Empty Texts, Full Meanings: On Transformal Meaning in Folklore”. Journal of Folklore Research, Vol. 22, No. 1, 1985, pp. 37-44.
Honko, Lauri. “Types of Comparison and Forms of Variation”. Journal of Folklore Research, Vol. 23, No. 2/3, 1986, pp. 105-124.
Ikonomov, Nikolaj. Balkanska narodna mădrost. Usporediči na bălgarski, srbski, turski, rumanski, grăčki i albanski posloviči i pogovorki. Sofia: Izdatelstvo na Bălgarskata akademija na naukite, 1968.
James, Carl. Contrastive Analysis. Singapore: Longman, 1985.
Kapsalis, Georgios D., Οι παροιμίες του Θεσπρωτού λόγιου Κώστα Αθ. Μιχαηλίδη. 6121 χειρόγραφες παροιμίες σε αλφαβητική και λημματοθετική κατάταξη. Συγκριτική Μελέτη – Ευρετήριο [Proverbs by the scholar from Thesprotia Kostas Ath. Mihailides. 6121 handwritten proverbs in alphabetical and by lemma classification. Comparative Study – Index]. Athens: Gutenberg, 2005.
Karadžić, Vuk Stef., Srpske narodne posloviče. Beograd: Prosveta, 1969.
Kouvelas, Alexis, Dem. Παροιμίες και παροιμιώδεις φράσεις του Ελληνισμού. Τόμος Α΄ [Proverbs and proverbial phrases of Hellenism. Volume A ΄]. Thessaloniki: Private Publication, 2018.
Krikmann, Arvo. “Some difficulties arising at semantic classifying of proverbs”. Proverbium Finnoise, vol. 23, 1974, pp. 865-879.
Krikmann, Arvo. “On Denotative Indefiniteness of Proverbs”. Proverbium, Vol. 1, 1984, pp. 47-91.
Kuusi, Matti, Marje Joalaid, Elsa Kokare, Arvo Krikmann, Kari Laukkanen, Pentti Leino, Vaina Mälk, and Ingrid Sarv. Proverbia septentrionalia. 900 Balto-Finnic Proverb Types with Russian, Baltic, German and Scandinavian Parallels. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatamia, 1985.
T. Litovkina, Anna, Hrisztalina Hrisztova-Gotthardt, Péter Barta, Katalin Vargha, and Wolfgang Mieder. Anti-Proverbs in Five Languages: Structural Features and Verbal Humor Devices. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2021.
Marti Solano, Ramon, and Rondinelli, Paolo. “‘Comparisons are odious’: how comparable are equivalent proverbs across languages?”, 2021, hal-03504178. https://hal.science/hal-03504178/ , retrieved on 27 September 2023.
Meraklis, Michael, G. Λαογραφικά Ζητήματα [Folklore Issues]. Athens: Diatton & Kastaniotis Publications, 2004 [first edition 1989].
Meraklis, Michael, G. Παροιμίες ελληνικές και των άλλων βαλκανικών λαών (συγκριτική εξέταση) [Proverbs from Greece and of the other Balkan peoples (comparative examination)]. Athens: Patakis Publications, 2007 [first edition 1985].
Mieder, Wolfgang, “‘The Wit of One, and the Wisdom of Many’”. General thoughts on the nature of the proverb”. Proverbs Are Never Out of Season. Popular Wisdom in the Modern Age. New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993, pp. 3-17.
Paczolay, Guyla. A Comparative Dictionary of Hungarian, Estonian, German, English, Finnish and Latin Proverbs with an Appendix in Cheremis and Zyryan [624 proverb types]., Veszprém: Veszprémi Akadémiai Bizotts ga, 1987.
Paczolay, Guyla. European Proverbs: in 55 languages, with equivalents in Arabic, Persian, Sanskrit, Chinese and Japanese. Veszprém: Veszprémi Nyomda, 1997.
Panajoti, Jorgo, and Agron Xhangolli. Fjalë të urta të popullit Shqiptar. Tiranë: Academia e Shkencave, 1983.
Petrova, Roumyana. “Comparing proverbs as cultural texts”. Proverbium, Vol. 20, 2003, pp. 331-344.
Petrova, Roumyana. “Contrastive Study of Proverbs”. Introduction to Paremiology: A Comprehensive Guide to Proverb Studies, edited by Hrisztalina Hrisztova-Gotthardt, and Melita Aleksa Varga, Warsaw, Poland: De Gruyter Open Poland, 2015, pp. 243-261. https://doi.org/10.2478/9783110410167.11, retrieved on 27 September 2023.
Piirainen, Elisabeth. “Figurative phraseology and culture”. Phraseology: An interdisciplinary Perspective, edited by Sylviane Granger, and Fanny Meunier, Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2008a, pp. 207-228.
Piirainen, Elisabeth. “Phraseology in a European framework. A cross-linguistic and cross-cultural research project on widespread idioms”. Phraseology: An interdisciplinary Perspective, edited by Sylviane Granger, and Fanny Meunier, Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2008b, pp. 243-258.
Puchner, Walter. Θεωρητική Λαογραφία. Έννοιες – Μέθοδοι - Θεματικές [Theoretical Folkloristics. Concepts – Methods - Themes]. Athens: Armos Publications, 2009.
Puchner, Walter. “Θεωρητικές διαστάσεις της συγκριτικής μεθοδολογίας στην εθνολογική και λαογραφική έρευνα. Βαθμίδες συγκρισιμότητας και κλίμακες τυπολογιών” [Theoretical dimensions of comparative methodology in ethnological and folklore research. Degrees of comparability and scales of typologies]. Δοκίμια λαογραφικής θεωρίας [Essays on the theory of folklore]. Athens: Gutenberg, 2011, pp. 109-136.
Sabban, Annette. “Critical observations on the culture-boundness of phraseology”. Phraseology: An interdisciplinary Perspective, edited by Sylviane Granger, and Fanny Meunier, Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2008, pp. 229-241.
Šubert, Gabriela. “Kăm ‘Balkanizma’ v poslovičite na Balgarskite narodi” [Towards ‘Balkanism” in the proverbs of the Bulgarian people]. Bălgarski Folklor, Vol. 1, 1990, pp. 84-89.
Taylor, Archer. “Method in the History and Interpretation of a Proverb: ‘A place for Everything and Everything in Its Place”. Proverbium Finnoise, vol. 10, 1968, pp. 235-238.
Tserpes, George. “‘Blood is thicker than water’: When the Folk talk about its lore. Interpretations of the proverb in the Balkans”. Proverbium, vol. 35, 2018a, pp. 331-341.
Tserpes, George. “Comparing the Proverbs of the Balkan Peoples: Questions of Theory and Methodology”. 11th Interdisciplinary Colloquium on Proverbs – Proceedings, edited by Outi Lauhakangas, and Rui JB Soares, Tavira: International Association of Paremiology (AIP-IAP), 2018b, pp. 181-194.
Tserpes, Georgios, Ο παροιμιακός λόγος των Βαλκανικών λαών. Θεματικές – Χρήσεις -Ερμηνείες -Επικοινωνία. Συμβολή στο πεδίο της Συγκριτικής Λαογραφίας [The proverbial discourse of the Balkan peoples. Themes-Uses-Interpretations-Communication. A contribution to Comparative Folkloristics]. Athens: National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (Unpublished doctoral dissertation), 2019. https://www.didaktorika.gr/eadd/handle/10442/45384, retrieved on 27 September 2023.
Tserpes, George. “‘Eat and drink with your relatives, do business with strangers’: The interconnection of family and economic relations in proverbs from the Balkans. A folkloristic approach”. 13th Interdisciplinary Colloquium on Proverbs – Proceedings, edited by Outi Lauhakangas, and Rui JB Soares, Tavira: International Association of Paremiology (AIP-IAP), 2020, pp. 87-101.