“LIFE, LIBERTY, AND THE PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS” MARTIN LUTHER KING’S PROVERBIAL STRUGGLE FOR EQUALITY
Barre latérale de l'article
147-192
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Contenu principal de l'article
Résumé
In barely forty years of life Martin Luther King (1929-1968) distinguished himself as one of the greatest social reformers of modern
times. A vast array of biographies and studies have celebrated him as a civil rights leader, a defender of nonviolence in the struggle of desegregation, a champion of the poor, an anti-war proponent, and a broadminded visionary of an interrelated world of free people. His large amount of verbal and written communications in the form of sermons, speeches, interviews, letters, essays, and several books are replete with Bible proverbs as “Love your enemies”, “He who lives by the sword shall perish by the sword”, and “Man does not live by bread alone” as well as folk proverbs as “Time and tide wait for no man”, “Last hired,
first fired”, “No gain without pain”, and “Making a way out of no way.” He also delights in citing quotations that have long become
proverbs, to wit “No man is an island”, “All men are created equal”, and “No lie can live forever.” King recycles these bits of traditional wisdom in various contexts, varying his proverbial messages as he addresses the multifaceted issues of civil rights. His rhetorical prowess is thus informed to a considerable degree by his effective use of his repertoire of proverbs which he frequently uses as leitmotifs or amasses into set pieces of fixed phrases to be employed repeatedly.
Details de l'article
Références
Aron, Paul. 2008. We Hold These Truths ... And Other Words that Made America. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield.
Ayres, Alex (ed.). 1993. The Wisdom of Martin Luther King, Jr. New York: Meridian.
Baldwin, Lewis V. 1988 (1989). “The Minister as Preacher, Pastor, and Prophet: The Thinking of Martin Luther King, Jr.” American Baptist Quarterly, 7(1988), 79-97. Also in David J. Garrow (ed.), Martin Luther King, Jr. Civil Rights Leader, Theologian, Orator. 3 vols. Brooklyn, New York: Carlson Publishing, I, 39-57.
Baldwin, Lewis V. 1991. There is a Balm in Gilead. The Cultural Roots of Martin Luther King, Jr. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Augsburg Fortress.
Barnes-Harden, Alene L. 1980. “Proverbs, Folk Expressions, and Superstitions.” A.L. Barnes Harden. African American Verbal Arts: Their Nature and Communicative interpretation (A Thematic Analysis). Diss. State University of New York at Buffalo, 57-80.
Bobbitt, David A. 2004. The Rhetoric of Redemption. Kenneth Burke’s Redemption Drama and Martin Luther King, Jr.’s “I Have a Dream” Speech. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield.
Boesak, Allan. 1976 (1989). Coming in out of the Wilderness: A Comparative Interpretation of the Ethics of Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X.
Kampen, Nederland: Theologische Hogeschool der Gereformeerde Kerken, 1976. Also in David J. Garrow (ed.), Martin Luther King, Jr. Civil Rights Leader, Theologian, Orator. 3 vols. Brooklyn, New York: Carlson Publishing, 1989. I, 59-126.
Boulware, Marcus H. 1969. The Oratory of Negro Leaders: 1900-1968. Westport, Connecticut: Negro Universities Press.
Burger, Harald, Dmitrij Dobrovol’skij, Peter Kühn, and Neal R. Norrick (eds.). 2007. Phraseology. An International Handbook of Contemporary Research.2 vols. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Calloway-Thomas, Carolyn, and John Louis Lucaites. 1993. Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Sermonic Power of Public Discourse. Eds. Carolyn Calloway- Thomas and John Louis Lucaites. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: The University of Alabama Press.
Carson, Clayborne, et al. (eds.). 1992-2007. The Papers of Martin Luther King, Jr. 6 vols. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.
Carson, Clayborne, and Peter Holloran (eds.). 1998. A Knock at Midnight. Inspiration from the Great Sermons of Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. New York: Warner Books.
Carson, Clayborne, and Kris Shepard (eds.). 2001. A Call to Conscience. The Landmark Speeches of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. New York: Grand Central Publishing.
Carter, Dale. 1996. “Bending Towards Justice: Martin Luther King, Jr. and theAssessment of History.” American Studies in Scandinavia, 29 (1996), 128- 141.
Charteris-Black, Jonathan. 2005. “Martin Luther King: Messianic Myth.” In J. Charteris-Black, Politicians and Rhetoric. The Persuasive Power of Metaphor. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 58-85 and 214-217 (appendix).
Cornette, James C. 1942 (1997). Proverbs and Proverbial Expressions in the German Works of Martin Luther. Diss. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1942. Posthumously edited and published by Wolfgang Mieder and Dorothee Racette. Bern: Peter Lang.
Daniel, Jack L. 1973. “Towards an Ethnography of Afroamerican Proverbial Usage.” Black Lines, 2 (1973), 3-12.
Daniel, Jack L. 1979. The Wisdom of Sixth Mount Zion [Church] from The Members of the Sixth Mount Zion and Those Who Begot Them. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: University of Pittsburgh, College of Arts and Sciences.
Daniel, Jack L., and Geneva Smitherman. 1976. “How I Got Over: Communication Dynamics in the Black Community.” The Quarterly Journal of Speech, 62 (1976), 26-39.
Daniel, Jack L., Geneva Smitherman-Donaldson, and Milford A. Jeremiah. 1987. “Makin’ a Way out of no Way: The Proverb Tradition in the Black Experience.” Journal of Black Studies, 17 (1987), 482-508.
Doyle, Charles Clay. 1996. “On ‘New’ Proverbs and the Conservativeness of Proverb Dictionaries.” Proverbium: Yearbook of International Proverb Scholarship, 13 (1996), 69-84.
Ensslin, Birgit. 1990. “‘I Have a Dream’ – Martin Luther King und die Bürgerrechtsbewegung in den USA. Eine rhetorische Analyse ausgewählter Texte von Martin Luther King.” Lebende Sprachen, 35 (1990), 118-123.
Farrell, Thomas J. 1991. “The Antecedents of King’s Message.” Publications of the Modern Language Association, 106 (1991), 529-530.
Fleer, David. 1995. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s Reformation of Sources: A Close Rhetorical Reading of His Compositional Strategies and Arrangement. Diss. University of Washington.
Folly, Dennis Wilson (Sw. Anand Prahlad). 1982. “‘Getting the Butter from the Duck’: Proverbs and Proverbial Expressions in an Afro-American Family.” A Celebration of American Family Folklore. Tales and Traditions from the Smithsonian Collection. Eds. Steven J. Zeitlin, Amy J. Kotkin, and Holly Cutting Baker. New York: Pantheon, 232-241 and 290-291 (notes).
Garrow, David J. (ed.). 1989. Martin Luther King, Jr. Civil Rights Leader, Theologian, Orator. 3 vols. Brooklyn, New York: Carlson Publishing.
Griffin, Albert Kirby. 1991. Religious Proverbs: Over 1600 Adages from 18 Faiths Worldwide. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland.
Hansen, Drew D. 2003. The Dream. Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Speech that Inspired a Nation. New York: HarperCollins.
Harrison, Robert D., and Linda K. Harrison. 1993. “The Call from the Mountaintop: Call-Response and the Oratory of Martin Luther King, Jr.” Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Sermonic Power of Public Discourse. Eds. Carolyn Calloway-Thomas and John Louis Lucaites. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: The University of Alabama Press, 162-178.
Hedgepeth, Chester M. 1984 (1989). “Philosophical Eclecticism in the Writings of Martin Luther King, Jr.” Western Journal of Black Studies, 8 (1984), 79- 86. Also in David J. Garrow (ed.), Martin Luther King, Jr. Civil Rights Leader, Theologian, Orator. 3 vols. Brooklyn, New York: Carlson Publishing, II, 541-548.
Hertzler, Joyce O. 1933-1934. “On Golden Rules.” International Journal of Ethics, 44 (1933-1934), 418-436.
Hoskins, Lotte (ed.). 1968. “I Have a Dream”: The Quotations of Martin Luther King Jr.. New York: Grosset & Dunlap.
Karabegović, Dženeta. 2007. “‘No Lie Can Live Forever’: Zur sprichwörtlichen Rhetorik von Martin Luther King.” Sprichwörter sind Goldes wert: Parömiologische Studien zu Kultur, Literatur und Medien. Ed. Wolfgang Mieder. Burlington, Vermont: The University of Vermont, 223-240.
Kelly-Gangi, Carol. 2009. Essential African American Wisdom. New York: Fall River Press.
King, Martin Luther. 1958. Stride Toward Freedom. The Montgomery Story. New York: Harper & Row.
King, Martin Luther. 1963. Strength to Love. New York: Harper & Row.
King, Martin Luther. 1964. Why We Can’t Wait. New York: Harper & Row.
King, Martin Luther. 1967a. Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community? New York: Harper & Row.
King, Martin Luther. 1967b. The Trumpet of Conscience. New York: Harper & Row.
Lischer, Richard. 1995. The Preacher King. Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Word that Moved America. New York: Oxford University Press.
Louis, Cameron. 2000. “Proverbs and the Politics of Language.” Proverbium: Yearbook of International Proverb Scholarship, 17 (2000), 173-194.
Luker, Ralph E. 2003. “Quoting, Merging, and Sampling the Dream: Martin Luther King and Vernon Johns.” Southern Cultures, 9 (2003), 28-48.
Marbury, Carl H. 1971 (1989). “An Excursus on the Biblical and Theological Rhetoric of Martin Luther King.” Essays in Honor of Martin Luther King, Jr. Ed. John H. Cartwright. Evanston, Illinois: Garrett Evangelical Theological Seminary, 1971. 14-28. Also in David J. Garrow (ed.), Martin Luther King, Jr. Civil Rights Leader, Theologian, Orator. 3 vols. Brooklyn, New York: Carlson Publishing, III, 623-634.
McKenzie, Alyce M. 1996. Preaching Proverbs. Wisdom for the Pulpit. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press.
McKenzie, Alyce M. 2002. Preaching Biblical Wisdom in a Self-Help Society. Nashville, Tennessee: Abingdon Press.
Mieder, Wolfgang. 1989. American Proverbs. A Study of Texts and Contexts. Bern: Peter Lang.
Mieder, Wolfgang. 1990. Not By Bread Alone. Proverbs of the Bible. Shelburne, Vermont: New England Press.
Mieder, Wolfgang. 1993. Proverbs Are Never Out of Season: Popular Wisdom in the Modern Ages. New York: Oxford University Press.
Mieder, Wolfgang. 1997. The Politics of Proverbs: From Traditional Wisdom to Proverbial Stereotypes. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press.
Mieder, Wolfgang. 2000. The Proverbial Abraham Lincoln: An Index to Proverbs in the Works of Abraham Lincoln. New York: Peter Lang, 2000.
Mieder, Wolfgang. 2001.“No Struggle, No Progress”: Frederick Douglass and His Proverbial Rhetoric for Civil Rights. New York: Peter Lang.
Mieder, Wolfgang. 2004. Proverbs. A Handbook. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
Mieder, Wolfgang. 2005. Proverbs Are the Best Policy: Folk Wisdom and American Politics. Logan, Utah: Utah State University Press.
Mieder, Wolfgang. 2008a. “‘Let Us Have Faith that Right Makes Might’: Proverbial Rhetoric in Decisive Moments of American Politics.” Proverbium: Yearbook of International Proverb Scholarship, 25 (2008a), 319-352.
Mieder, Wolfgang. 2008b. Proverbs Speak Louder Than Words”: Folk Wisdom in Art, Culture, Folklore, History, Literature, and Mass Media. New York: Peter Lang.
Mieder, Wolfgang. 2009a. International Bibliography of Paremiology and Phraseology. 2 vols. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Mieder, Wolfgang. 2009b. “‘New Proverbs Run Deep’: Prolegomena to a Dictionary of Modern Anglo-American Proverbs.” Proverbium: Yearbook of International Proverb Scholarship, 26 (2009b), 237-274.
Mieder, Wolfgang. 2009c. “Yes We Can”: Barack Obama’s Proverbial Rhetoric. New York: Peter Lang.
Mieder, Wolfgang. 2011. “Making a Way out of No Way”. Martin Luther King’s Sermonic Proverbial Rhetoric. New York: Peter Lang (in press).
Mieder, Wolfgang, Stewart A. Kingsbury, and Kelsie B. Harder (eds.). 1992. A Dictionary of American Proverbs. New York: Oxford University Press.
Mieder, Wolfgang, Fred Shapiro, and Charles C. Doyle (eds.). 2011. Yale Dictionary of Modern Proverbs. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press (in press).
Miller, Keith D. 1986 (1989). “Martin Luther King, Jr. Borrows a Revolution: Argument, Audience, and Implications of a Secondhand Universe.” College English, 48 (1986), 249-265. Also in David J. Garrow (ed.), Martin LutherKing, Jr. Civil Rights Leader, Theologian, Orator. 3 vols. Brooklyn, New York: Carlson Publishing, III, 643-659.
Miller, Keith D. 1990. “Composing Martin Luther King, Jr.” Publications of the Modern Language Association, 105 (1990), 70-82.
Miller, Keith D. 1991a. “Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Black Folk Pulpit.”Journal of American History, 78 (1991a), 120-123.
Miller, Keith D. 1991b. “Reply [to Thomas J. Farrell, ‘The Antecedents of King’sMessage’].” Publications of the Modern Language Association, 106(1991b), 530-531.
Miller, Keith D. 1992. Voice of Deliverance. The Language of Martin LutherKing, Jr. and Its Sources. New York: The Free Press.
Nichols, Ray. 1996. “Maxims, ‘Practical Wisdom,’ and the Language of Action.”Political Theory, 24 (1996), 687-705.
Obama, Barack. 2006. The Audacity of Hope. Thoughts on Reclaiming the AmericanDream. New York: Three Rivers Press.
Ong. Walter J. 1982. Orality and Literacy. The Technologizing of the Word. NewYork: Methuen.
Patton, John H. 1993. “‘I Have a Dream’: The Performance of Theology Fusedwith the Power of Orality.” Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Sermonic Power of Public Discourse. Eds. Carolyn Calloway-Thomas and John Louis Lucaites.Tuscaloosa, Alabama: The University of Alabama Press, 104-126.
Prahlad, Sw. Anand. 1996. African-American Proverbs in Context. Jackson, Mississippi:University Press of Mississippi.
Rieder, Jonathan. 2008. The Word of the Lord Is Upon Me. The Righteous Performanceof Martin Luther King, Jr. Cambridge, Massachusetts: HarvardUniversity Press.
Rosenberg, Bruce. 1970. The Art of the American Folk Preacher. New York:Oxford University Press.
Sayenko, Tetyana. 2008. “On the Pragmatic and Prosodic Structure of an Inspirational Political Address [i.e., Martin Luther King’s ‘I Have a Dream’].” RhetoricalAspects of Discourses in Present-Day Society. Eds. Lotte Dam,
Liese-Lotte Holmgreen, and Jeanne Strunck. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 129-153.
Shapiro, Fred (ed.). 2006. The Yale Book of Quotations. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 2006 (21 references by King on pp. 427-429).
Sharman, Nick. 1999. “‘Remaining Awake Through a Great Revolution’: The Rhetorical Strategies of Martin Luther King Jr.” Social Semiotics, 9 (1999), 85-105.
Smith, Arthur L., and Stephen Robb (eds.). 1971. The Voice of Black Rhetoric: Selections. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Smitherman, Geneva. 1977. Talkin and Testifyin. The Language of Black America. Detroit, Michigan: Wayne State University Press.
Smitherman, Geneva. 1994. Black Talk. Words and Phrases from the Hood to the Amen Corner. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
Solomon, Martha. 1993. “Covenanted Rights: The Metaphoric Matrix of ‘I Have a Dream’.” Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Sermonic Power of Public Discourse. Eds. Carolyn Calloway-Thomas and John Louis Lucaites. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: The University of Alabama Press, 68-84.
Spillers, Hortense J. 1971 (1989). “Martin Luther King and the Style of the Black Sermon.” Black Scholar, 3 (1971), 14-27. Also in David J. Garrow (ed.), Martin Luther King, Jr. Civil Rights Leader, Theologian, Orator. 3 vols. Brooklyn, New York: Carlson Publishing, III, 876-889.
Stevenson, Burton. 1935. “The Mouse-Trap [and] More about the Mouse-Trap.” In B. Stevenson. Famous Single Poems and the Controversies which Have Raged around Them. New York: Dodd, Mead, & Company, 343-381.
Stevenson, Burton. 1948. The Home Book of Proverbs, Maxims, and Famous Phrases. New York: Macmillan.
Stevenson, Burton. 1949. The Home Book of Bible Quotations. New York: Harpers & Brothers.
Sundquist, Eric J. 2009. King’s Dream. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.
Taylor, Archer. 1931 (1985). The Proverb. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1931; rpt. with an introduction and bibliography by Wolfgang Mieder. Bern: Peter Lang.
Templeton, John Marks. 1997. Worldwide Laws of Life. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Templeton Foundation Press.
Turner, Otis. 1977 (1989). “Nonviolence and the Politics of Liberation.” Journal of the Interdenominational Theological Center, 4 (1977), 49-60. Also in David
J. Garrow (ed.), Martin Luther King, Jr. Civil Rights Leader, Theologian, Orator. 3 vols. Brooklyn, New York: Carlson Publishing, III, 997- 1008.
Vail, Mark. 2006. “The ‘Integrative’ Rhetoric of Martin Luther King Jr.’s ‘I Have a Dream’ Speech.” Rhetoric & Public Affairs, 9 (2006), 51-78.
Warren, Mervyn A. 1966. A Rhetorical Study of the Preaching of Doctor Martin Luther King, Jr., Pastor and Pulpit Orator. Diss. Michigan State University.
Warren, Mervyn A. 2001. King Came Preaching. The Pulpit Power of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press (revised version of the previous entry).
Washington, James M. (ed.). 1986. A Testament of Hope. The Essential Writings of Martin Luther King, Jr. San Francisco, California: Harper & Row.
Winton, Alan P. 1990. The Proverbs of Jesus. Issues of History and Rhetoric. Sheffield, Great Britain: Sheffield Academic Press.